plants and flowers

Checklists of Exmoor's Wildlife

In 1996 ENHS produced The Flora and Fauna of Exmoor National Park listing 8243 species which had been recorded. (Now out of print). Since then there have been a number of additions published annually in Exmoor Naturalist magazine. The following lists show what we have recorded so far and it is hoped there will be future updates.

Algae	Amphibians	Beetles
Birds	Bryophytes	Diptera
Fish	Fleas	Fungi
Hymenoptera	Lepidoptera	Lichens
Mammals	Maritime	Other Creatures
Plants	Reptiles	Spiders

Plants Clubmosses, Horsetails, Rushes, Sedges, Grasses
CLUBMOSSES
Fir Clubmoss	Huperzia selago	Decreased from its former Somerset sites apart from Exmoor. In year 2000 known here in four places.
Marsh Clubmoss	Lycopodiella inundata	Only once recorded from Minehead area by Coleman, 1849.
Stag's-horn Clubmoss	Lycopodium clavatum	Six known Exmoor sites. Formerly plentiful but was over collected.
Alpine Clubmoss	Diphasiastrum alpinum	Last recorded c1927 by N.G. Haddon at Chetsford
Kraus's Clubmoss	Selaginella kraussiana	Only one Exmoor site for this
HORSETAILS
Water Horsetail	Equisetum fluviatile	In areas of standing or slow moving water
Shore Horsetail	Equisetum arvense x fluviatile (E. x litorale)	gricultural Weed" c 1940's and at Allerford in 1960. 1 plant found by B.Giddens by newly made flight of steps near Stoats Farm on 17.7.83 but scythed off 3 from base 2 days later. Treated with Baby-Bio, it produced several more flowers. Disappeared until 17.7.88 when one plant in same place but not seen since.

Lesser Knotweed	Persicaria campanulata	In 2000 still not very prolific although common along the Washford River valley and established clumps in a few other places. First recorded in Somerset in 1974 at Spaxton (Green)
Himalayan Knotweed	Persicaria wallichii	Abundant around Simonsbath and in the Heddon Valley where the National Trust have been trying to eradicate it for many years.
Common Bistort	Persicaria bistorta	Would appear to be native in some damp meadows and woods and recorded as such by Murray. Probably a garden escape in some places.
Red Bistort	Persicaria amplexicaulis	A garden escape or throw-out which may increase.
Amphibious Bistort	Persicaria amphibia	In ditches and damp places. Probably decreasing at Porlock Marsh due to inundation with salt water.
a knotweed	Persicaria capitata	A rare escape from gardens or hanging flower baskets in Minehead.
Redshank	Persicaria maculosa	A common weed of arable land, waste places, reservoirs, etc.
Pale Persicaria	Persicaria lapathifolia	An uncommon weed of cultivated land.
Water-pepper	Persicaria hydropiper	Common in damp woodlands, meadows and tracks.
Buckwheat	Fagopyrum esculentum	Occasionally turns up in waste places, gardens or cultivated land.
Ray's Knotgrass	Polygonum oxyspermum	ecorded c 1910 by T. Twist at Blue Anchor and Roe states "formerly at Dunster. No recent records.
Equal-leaved Knotgrass	Polygonum arenastrum	Common in town and on paths and farmland.
Knotgrass	Polygonum aviculare sens.str.	More common than P. arenastrum in waste ground, tracks, field gateways, etc.
Japanese Knotweed	Fallopia japonica	Sometimes abundant, ENPA have scheme to eradicate it.
a knotweed	Fallopia japonica x sachalinensis (F. x bohemica)	This hybrid has been recorded at West Porlock and Treborough.
Giant Knotweed	Fallopia sachalinensis	We first noted this at Dunster Beach in 1978 and it increased to form a large stand but it had been virtually eradicated by 2001.
Russian Vine	Fallopia baldschuanica	Usually near habitation and our records all mainly near the coast. Can form large stands smothering walls, trees and other shrubs.
Black Bindweed	Fallopia convolvulus	Mainly on arable land.
Sheep's Sorrel	Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella	Common on acid moors and heaths.
Common Sorrel	Rumex acetosa	Very common in hedgerows etc. Probably present in every tetrad.
Water Dock	Rumex hydrolapathum	At pond edges, ditches, stream banks. Scarce.
Greek Dock	Rumex cristatus	Has been in Minehead area since at least 1942 when material was collected by J.E.Lousley but it was at that time thought to be R. patientia. It was renamed in 1982 by D.H.Kent. It has increased in Minehead area.
a dock	Rumex crispus x cristatus (R. x dimidiatus)	Waste ground at Minehead.
a dock	Rumex cristatus x obtusifolius (R. x lousleyi)	Waste ground in Minehead area.
Curled dock	Rumex crispus ssp. crispus	Throughout area but not on higher moorland.
a curled dock	Rumex crispus ssp. littoreus	Occurs in sandy areas near the coast.
a dock	Rumex conglomeratus x crispus (R. x schulzei)	A single specimen found at Minehead 1994.
a dock	Rumex crispus x sanguineus (R. x sagorskii)	Waste ground or arable land.
a dock	Rumex crispus x pulcher (R. x pseudopulcher)	Has been found in one or two rough fields in Minehead/Porlock area.
a dock	Rumex crispus x obtusifolius (R. x pratensis)	Probably under recorded.
a dock	Rumex crispus x palustris (R. x heteranthos)	Recorded in error in Flora & Fauna of ENP 1996.
Clustered Dock	Rumex conglomeratus	Not on high moorland.
a dock	Rumex conglomeratus x obtusifolius (R. x abortivus)	Scarce.
Wood Dock	Rumex sanguineus	Common in hedgerows, woodland, waste ground, etc. Not on high moorland. Plant is var. viridis.
a dock	Rumex pulcher x sanguineus (R. x mixtus)	On dry grassy slopes.
a dock	Rumex obtusifolius x sanguineus (R. x dufftii)	Woodland borders, verges, etc.
Fiddle Dock	Rumex pulcher	Mainly on dry slopes or sandy areas near the coast.
a dock	Rumex obtusifolius x pulcher (R. x ogulinensis)	Only recorded from one grassy slope nr Bossington.
Broad-leaved Dock	Rumex obtusifolius	Recorded from all but two tetrads on the high moorland. The commonest dock.
Golden Dock	Rumex maritimus	Only recorded from Hurscombe Reserve, Wimbleball.
Thrift	Armeria maritima	Occurs on coastal cliffs from Combe Martin to Dunster Beach.
a st. john's-wort	Hypericum forrestii	Only recorded from base of wall at West Lynch. (Green)
Rose-of-Sharon	Hypericum calycinum	A garden escape nearly always found close to habitations.
Tutsan	Hypericum androsaemum	A garden escape around villages but probably native in woodlands, not on the moors.
Tall Tutsan	Hypericum androsaemum x hircinum (H. x inodorum)	An uncommon garden escape.
Stinking Tutsan	Hypericum hircinum	An uncommon garden escape.
Perforate St. John's-wort	Hypericum perforatum	Fairly common in hedgerows, etc. in the less acid areas and usually around the villages.
Square-stalked St. John's-wort	Hypericum tetrapterum	Widespread in damp woodland, fields and hedgerows and by streams or rivers.
Trailing St. John's-wort	Hypericum humifusum	On woodland tracks and also on heather moorland.
Slender St. John's-wort	Hypericum pulchrum	Our commonest St. John's Wort. Hedgebanks, moorland and woodland.
Hairy St. John's-wort	Hypericum hirsutum	Only recorded from Selworthy in our area
Marsh St. John's-wort	Hypericum elodes	Widespread but only in acid moorland bogs.
Large-leaved Lime	Tilia platyphyllos	Planted specimens only - a magnificent tree nr R. Barle in Pit Wood (P. Green)
Lime	Tilia cordata x platyphyllos (T. x vulgaris)	Scattered introductions in north and east sections of area, none in south-west region of Exmoor.
Musk-mallow	Malva moschata	In hedgerows, field borders and rough areas but not on acid ground.
Common Mallow	Malva sylvestris	Common in the eastern part of our area but rare otherwise. Hedgerows; farmland; etc.
Dwarf Mallow	Malva neglecta	Usually in agricultural land. All records except one from Minehead Porlock area.
Tree-mallow	Lavatera arborea	Sandy areas all along Exmoor coast where suitable. Doubtfully native.
Hyeres Tree-mallow	Lavatera thuringiaca	Garden escapes
Hollyhock	Alcea rosea	A garden escape or throw-out in waste areas and stony places.
Round-leaved Sundew	Drosera rotundifolia	Common in moorland bogs
Sweet Violet	Viola odorata	Common in hedgerows on the lower ground. Native or sometimes a garden escape. White flowered var. sometimes abundant. Purple and rarely amethyst coloured plants also occur.
Common Dog-violet	Viola riviniana	A common plant of hedgerows, open woodland and grassy slopes.
Early Dog-violet	Viola reichenbachiana	Common in woodland and shady hedgerows.
Heath Dog-violet	Viola canina	Sandy areas and heaths.
Marsh Violet	Viola palustris	In upland moorland boggy areas. Subsp. rarely recorded but both ssp. palustris and ssp. juressi are thought to occur.
Mountain Pansy	Viola lutea	Rough grassland. Recorded from Exmoor between 1901 & 1948 but later considered to be in error. However it was refound at two sites in 1990 during survery work for Somerset Atlas Flora (Green)
Garden Pansy	Viola x wittrockiana	Garden escapes or throw-outs. On tips, in gutters, etc.
Wild Pansy	Viola tricolor	This occurred as a garden weed 12 King George Rd. Minehead for several seasons in 1970's but gradually petered out.
a pansy	Viola x contempta	Rare.
Field Pansy	Viola arvensis	In arable fields. Becoming less frequent
Tamarisk	Tamarix gallica	Planted in sandy areas Minehead, Dunster Beach, Porlock Weir.
Pumkin	Cucurbita maxima	Garden throw-out.
White Poplar	Populus alba	An infrequent tree with scattered distribution. Regenerates vegetatively.
Grey Poplar	Populus alba x tremula (P. x canescens)	Planted in a couple of woods.
Aspen	Populus tremula	Planted in several woodlands, perhaps native in some areas. A tree occurs almost on the tide line at Glenthorne.
Black Poplar	Populus nigra	The type is subsp. betulifolia. A number of old trees occur around the Minehead area and attempts have been made to prolong the life of some of these by pollarding. Others have been lost though aging as they are not regenerating except possibly by suckers in one place. Only male trees occur.
Lombardy-poplar	Populus nigra 'Italica'	Planted on roadsides near towns and villages.
Hybrid Black Poplar	Populus x canadensis (P. deltoides x nigra)	Some planted trees mainly in river valley.
Balm-of-Gilead	Populus candicans	Single old tree in Bagley Combe thought to be this species.
Crack Willow	Salix fragilis	Rare in area. A few scattered trees, sometimes planted. Common on Somerset Levels.
Hybrid Crack-willow	Salix alba x fragilis (S. x rubens)	ecorded in 1906 from "Near Minehead. This was possibly from Dunster Beach area. No current records from area but a handful elsewhere in Somerset.
White Willow	Salix alba	Rare. A few scattered records. Generally planted
Weeping Willow	Salix alba x babylonica (S. x sepulcralis)	Rare introduction, stream banks etc.
Purple Willow	Salix purpurea	Recorded from Hawn pool at Dunster Beach in 1914. In 1992 Paul Green who considered it the largest population in Somerset. But it was virtually eradicated in 1994 when the pool was cleared despite pleas from ENHS and County Recorder. One plant of Purple Willow remains on an island and will hopefully be conserved.
Fine Osier	Salix x forbyana (S. cinerea x purpurea x viminalis)	Very rare, probably now extinct since clearance of Hawn Pool at Dunster Beach in 1994. (See Purple Willow)
Osier	Salix viminalis	ncommon except on Marshes. (Locally called "Withy)
Broad-leaved Osier	Salix caprea x viminalis (S. x sericans)	Rare.
Silky-leaved Osier	Salix cinerea x viminalis (S. x smithiana)	Very rare in Exmoor Area - commoner on Somerset Levels
Goat Willow	Salix caprea ssp. caprea	Common on moorland and marshes, hedges and by streams, scrubby woodland.
a willow	Salix caprea x cinerea (S. x reichardtii)	Possibly under recorded due to difficulties of identification.
a willow	Salix aurita x caprea (S. x capreola)	Recorded from Simonsbath 1918. No current records.
Grey Willow	Salix cinerea ssp. oleifolia	The commonest willow in Somerset and probably on Exmoor
a willow	Salix aurita x cinerea (S. x multinervis)	Hedges, damp combes. Often abundant in Exmoor Valleys. Possibly under recorded due to confusion with S. aurita.
Eared Willow	Salix aurita	Fairly common on wet moorland but possibly over recorded due to confusion with its hybrid with Grey Willow.
Creeping Willow	Salix repens	Has declined in some Somerset Areas but although scarce and local on Exmoor, seems to persist where it has been recorded.
Eastern Rocket	Sisymbrium orientale	Only recorded from a few sandy areas near the coast where it seems well established.
Hedge Mustard	Sisymbrium officinale	Common in hedgerows and waste places but not on the high moorland areas. Also cultivated ground.
Flixweed	Descurainia sophia	Rarely recorded on disturbed soil and sandy areas.
Garlic Mustard	Alliaria petiolata	Common in hedgerows throughout but not on high moorland.
Thale Cress	Arabidopsis thaliana	A fairly widespread weed of waste ground and walls but not on high moorland.
Treacle Mustard	Erysimum cheiranthoides	Only three reports. A weed of arable land.
Wallflower	Erysimum cheiri	A common escape well established on old walls near habitation.
Dame's Violet	Hesperis matronalis	An uncommon garden escape persistent in some hedgerows
Virginia Stock	Malcolmia maritima	A garden escape or throw-out.
Hoary Stock	Matthiola incana	An introduction which is persistent on the coast at Minehead.
Night-scented Stock	Matthiola longipetala	Garden escape or throw-out.
Winter-cress	Barbarea vulgaris	Verges or stream banks.
Medium-flowered Winter-cress	Barbarea intermedia	Waste ground or arable land.
American Winter-cress	Barbarea verna	Verges or cultivated ground. A persistent garden weed for many years at Alcombe but now apparently gone.
Water-cress	Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum sens.str.	In clear-water streams and a relict in old watercress beds. Also in wet flushes by lanes and tracks
Hybrid Water-cress	Rorippa microphylla x nasturtium-aquaticum (R. x sterilis)	amp places. "Sometimes in the absence of one or both parents - Green.
Northern Yellow-cress	Rorippa islandica sens.str.	First recorded in England at Clatworthy Reservoir, 2001 Ian Green. May come to Wimbleball but shores there are covered in the alien Crassula helmsii. Records are just off Exmoor area.
Marsh Yellow-cress	Rorippa palustris	Mainly recorded from the shores of reservoirs.
Creeping Yellow-cress	Rorippa sylvestris	We have only recorded this at Wimbleball Lake and Minehead Warren.
Horse-radish	Armoracia rusticana	A relict of cultivation or persisting where dumped.
Trefoil Cress	Cardamine trifolia	A naturalised introduction present for many years at Trentishoe churchyard but not seen recently.
Cuckoo-flower	Cardamine pratensis	In damp meadows, by streams and in churchyards.
Wavy Bitter-cress	Cardamine flexuosa	In damp areas by streams, ponds, woodland, etc.
Hairy Bitter-cress	Cardamine hirsuta	A very common weed of gardens, agricultural and waste land, tracks, etc. Recorded from all tetrads except the highest moorland.
Garden Arabis	Arabis caucasica	An escape from cultivation around towns and villages.
Hairy Rock-cress	Arabis hirsuta	There is a 'dot' for this near Lynmouth in Atlas of the Devon Flora 1984 but no further details available.
Aubretia	Aubrieta deltoidea	A garden escape naturalised on old walls in villages and towns.
Honesty	Lunaria annua	A sometimes persistent escape from cultivation. Hedgerows, waste ground.
Golden Alyssum	Alyssum saxatile	A garden escape sometimes naturalised on old walls in towns and villages.
Sweet Alison	Lobularia maritima	An escape from cultivation, naturalised in sandy areas such as Minehead Warren and Dunster Beach. Also on old walls about towns and villages.
Common Whitlowgrass	Erophila verna sens. lat.	Dry rocky areas, walls, pavements, etc. We have no records from the Devon area of Exmoor. Absent from high moorland. Both var praecox and var. spathulata are thought to occur.
English Scurvygrass	Cochlearia anglica	Coastal cliffs and shingle.
Common Scurvygrass	Cochlearia officinalis sens.str.	Sea cliffs or shingle. Scarce.
Danish Scurvygrass	Cochlearia danica	The common scurvey grass on Exmoor coasts also spreading along road verges which are salted in winter such as A39 between Minehead/Dunster.
Shepherd's-purse	Capsella bursa-pastoris	A common weed except on the higher grass moorland.
Shepherd's Cress	Teesdalia nudicaulis	Verge, Porlock Hill 1913-1929 N.G. Hadden. Presumed extinct on Exmoor (but discovered 1992 about 1 mile SW of Exmoor boundary.)
Field Penny-cress	Thlaspi arvense	Still fairly common in to the east of our area but less so that formerly. Arable land.
Garden Candytuft	Iberis umbellata	Occasionally occurs as garden escape or throw-out on dumps or waste ground.
Garden Cress	Lepidium sativum	An occasional garden weed or throw-out. From cultivated plants.
Field Pepperwort	Lepidium campestre	Arable or waste land.
Smith's Pepperwort	Lepidium heterophyllum	Fields, verges and at Porlock Marsh until shingle ridge was breached late 1990s.
Hoary Cress	Lepidium draba	Waste ground near the coast at Minehead and a few inland sites to the Brendon Hills.
Swine-cress	Coronopus squamatus	Arable weed and rough ground; less common than C. didymus
Lesser Swine-cress	Coronopus didymus	Farm gateways and fields, tracks and verges. Much more frequent than the presumed native C. squamatus.
Hare's-ear Mustard	Conringia orientalis	c1900 'In ditches & edges of roads'
Annual Wall-rocket	Diplotaxis muralis	Stinkweed. Sandy areas around Minehead with one or two other sites.
Oil-seed Rape	Brassica napus ssp. oleifera	Escapes or relicts of cultivation. Grown extensively in Porlock Vale in 1980's & 90's.
Turnip	Brassica rapa agg.	Relics of cultivation.
Black Mustard	Brassica nigra	Farmland, verges, and near the coast. Not on high ground. Assumed native.
Charlock	Sinapis arvensis	Common agricultural weed. Also verges and waste ground. Assumed native.
White Mustard	Sinapis alba	Very few records for this casual which has declined in Somerset generally.
Hoary Mustard	Hirschfeldia incana	Waste ground and tips. An increasing species in Somerset but few Exmoor records.
Sea Rocket	Cakile maritima	A clump found in dunes at edge Minehead Golf Links 26.9.79 but none seen since 1986. Occurs in N. Somerset coast.
Wild Radish	Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. raphanistrum	Waste ground, verges etc. Possibly declined
Sea Radish	Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. maritimus	On coast.
Garden Radish	Raphanus sativus	Garden throw outs or relicts.
Weld	Reseda luteola	Only recorded from eastern half of area. By the sea and inland Brendon Hills etc. Disturbed and waste land.
Crowberry	Empetrum nigrum	Confined to the higher moorland areas particularly Dunkery area. Our plants are subsp nigrum.
Rhododendron	Rhododendron ponticum	An introduced species which is a cause for concern where it has spread into woodlands and moorland combes. Continual labour and expense goes into trying to eradicate this.
Yellow Azalea	Rhododendron luteum	A couple of shrubs planted or escaped on to Alcombe Common have increased in number. Recorded in several other areas where it is either planted or an escape from nearby plantings.
Checkerberry	Gaultheria procumbens	There is a large area of this on Haddon Hill, source unknown. The area was churned up during building of Wimbleball dam.
Prickly Heath	Gaultheria mucronata	An introduction which appears to be naturalising above Yenworthy.
Strawberry-tree	Arbutus unedo	ntroduced in coastal woods Worthy to Culbone. Also Nettlecombe. Rare. Lord King writing from Ashley Combe in June 1875 to Ada Countess of Lovelace states "..having been much engaged in cutting of huge branches of arbutus trees, bay and myrtle which shut out the view of the sea.
Heather	Calluna vulgaris	Widespread across the area as straggly bits occur in woodlands and hedgebanks as well as on the main heather moors which lie on high acid ground where the plant is dominant. There are about 20,000 acres of good heather moorland on Exmoor but this is much less than a century ago. Losses have been due to ploughing and forestry plantations, increase of bracken through over burning and latterly the heather beetle has made an appearance. Some attempts are being made to regenerate heather.
Cross-leaved Heath	Erica tetralix	On areas of damper moorland.
Bell Heather	Erica cinerea	Widespread on the moors and most importantly on coastal heaths. Quantity much less than Calluna vulgaris.
Cranberry	Vaccinium oxycoccos	Apparently declining although some years it produces abundant fruit. Locall in damp moorland areas. Threat from drying out of moorland.
Bog Bilberry	Vaccinium uliginosum	A report of this from Old Barrow Plantation from AudreyûWilson 30.11.83 but could not locate despite extensive searchûin 1985. Much poached by cattle. A clump found by Ian Greenûon Haddon Hill in 1994 is the most southerly site in GB.
Whortleberry	Vaccinium myrtillus	Still common on Exmoor although the parties of 'wort pickers' of past years are no longer seen on the moors. They used to be a significant source of money for gipsies, schoolchildren and whole families. Valued for jams and eaten with junket and cream as a local delicacy.
a (heath)	Pieris japonica	Very rare introduction. Planted in woodland above West Porlock.
A (heath)	Pieris Formosa	Planted in woodland above West Porlock.
Yellow Bird's-nest	Monotropa hypopitys	Recorded near Dunster c 1836 Rev, J.C. Collins. Usually under Beech.
Primrose	Primula vulgaris	Common except on the highest moorland. At one time declined c1960s but increased again seemingly following introduction of the Wildlife Act or better education 'not to dig up'
False Oxlip	Primula veris x vulgaris (P. x polyantha)	Small quantity in fields, orchards where parents occur. Rare due to scarcity of Cowslips.
Cowslip	Primula veris	Scarce in our area as it favours calcareous soils. In limited numbers where it does occur and in some instances is becoming hybridised with primroses. Others in meadows lost through change of land use
Cyclamen	Cyclamen hederifolium	An introduction. Found in hedgerows, churchyards and in at least one instance on moorland. Most are deliberately planted.
a cyclamen	Cyclamen repandum	In woods between West Porlock and Porlock Weir 1992
Eastern Cyclamen	Cyclamen coum	Becoming naturalised on North Hill, Minehead.
Yellow Pimpernel	Lysimachia nemorum	Woodlands.
Creeping-Jenny	Lysimachia nummularia	Probably always an escape from cultivation in our area. In damp shady places.
Yellow Loosestrife	Lysimachia vulgaris	Damp woodland or fields.
Dotted Loosestrife	Lysimachia punctata	Waste places, garden escapes or throw-outs.
Bog Pimpernel	Anagallis tenella	Only common in moorland bogs.
Scarlet Pimpernel	Anagallis arvensis	A common weed of arable land, gardens, waste ground, verges. Usually scarlet, occasionally blue or pink.
Sea-milkwort	Glaux maritima	Saltmarshes or coastal shingle.
Brookweed	Samolus valerandi	Only two records both from Devon Exmoor.
Kohuhu	Pittosporum tenuifolium	Rarely self sown from planted trees.
Mock Orange	Philadelphus coronarius	Occasionally found in hedgerows, usually near habitations.
a mock-orange	Philadelphus x virginalis (P. coronarius x microphyllus x pubescens)	Planted in woodland above West Porlock. (Norman Hadden's old Botanic Garden)
Escallonia	Escallonia macrantha	Occasionally found in hedgerows, usually planted, naturalised on some sea cliffs, and coastal shingle at Porlock Wier.
Red Currant	Ribes rubrum	Sometimes bird-sown but native in older woodlands.
Black Currant	Ribes nigrum	Bird-sown or relic of cultivation. Usually near habitations.
Flowering Currant	Ribes sanguineum	A fairly frequent garden escape which may self-seed. Hedgerows, woodland etc. Sometimes persistent
Buffalo Currant	Ribes odoratum	Hedgerows or waste ground.
Mountain Currant	Ribes alpinum	Woods or hedgerows. Garden escape.
Gooseberry	Ribes uva-crispa	Can occur as a relic of cultivation, a bird-sown escape or in rare instances may be native in woodlands or hedges.
Mossy Stonecrop	Crassula tillaea	On sandy trodden areas at Dunster Beach where it is spreading and sometimes abundant.
New Zealand Pigmyweed	Crassula helmsii	A throw-out from garden ponds etc. which has spread to dominance on the shores of Wimbleball Reservoir to the exclusion of other plants.
Wall Pennywort	Umbilicus rupestris	Common on walls, hedgebanks, rocks etc. except on remote high moorland areas.
House-leek	Sempervivum tectorum	On walls in villages. Garden origin.
Butterfly Stonecrop	Sedum spectabile	Came up in plant container in Minehead garden 2003.ûUnplanted.
Orpine	Sedum telephium	cattered records mainly near habitation except Heddon Valley and Wringapeak (mentioned from this area 100 years ago in book entitled "Ferny Combes. Otherwise garden origin.
Caucasian-stonecrop	Sedum spurium	On walls and stony areas. Garden origin.
Reflexed Stonecrop	Sedum rupestre	Occasional garden escapes near habitation. Old walls etc.
Rock Stonecrop	Sedum forsterianum	Native along coast on cliffs from Minehead to Combe Martin in every tetrad. (Possibly declining in some areas). Elsewhere probably of garden origin.
Biting Stonecrop	Sedum acre	On walls and sandy areas near the coast also coastal heaths etc.
Tasteless Stonecrop	Sedum sexangulare	Garden escapes on wall at Bridgetown.
White Stonecrop	Sedum album	Our records thought to be of garden origin. Walls and stony areas.
English Stonecrop	Sedum anglicum	Sometimes abundant on wall tops and rocky areas, quarries and gravelly waysides. (Not in Eastern Somerset at all).
False-buck's-beard	Astilbe japonica	Shady areas usually near water. Garden throw-outs.
Elephant-ears	Bergenia crassifolia	A very rare introduction only one confirmed record from W. Porlock. The usual plant is B. x schmidtii much grown in gardens.
an elephant-ears	Bergenia cordifolia	A rare introduction, waste ground, quarries etc. Garden origin.
Celandine Saxifrage	Saxifraga cymbalaria	A weed for many years in garden at Glenthorne and also occurred as a casual in Oare Churchyard 1991.
Londonpride	Saxifraga spathularis x umbrosa (S. x urbium)	A garden escape naturalised on walls particularly at Simonsbath and in rocky woodland such as Barle Valley and Watersmeet areas.
Kidney Saxifrage	Saxifraga hirsuta	Garden escape or throw-out found under trees near Ashwick.
Meadow Saxifrage	Saxifraga granulata	Known at Horner Woods since 1937. A site at Barlynch was destroyed by tree felling. Also in Barle Valley and Exe Valley (double flowered).
Mossy Saxifrage	Saxifraga hypnoides	Only of garden origin in our area - it is native in Somerset at Cheddar Gorge.
Rue-leaved Saxifrage	Saxifraga tridactylites	Occurs on Minehead Golf Links and occasionally found elsewhere but has been sprayed at both Dunster Churchyard, and Minehead Railway.
Pick-a-back-plant	Tolmiea menziesii	On noted at Ashcombe Plantation, Simonsbath 1993.
Fringe-cups	Tellima grandiflora	A garden escape, naturalised in some areas. Abundant in the West Lyn Valley on rocks by roadside stretching for half a mile or more.
Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage	Chrysosplenium oppositifolium	Very common in most damp areas particularly shady sites by streams and in damp woodland.
Alternate-leaved Golden-saxifrage	Chrysosplenium alternifolium	Much less common than C. oppisitifolium. Only occurs in a few damp woodlands and streams.
Bridewort	Spiraea salicifolia	Garden origin occasionally found in hedges. Some records may refer to other garden species.
Billard's Bridewort	Spiraea alba x douglasii (S. x billardii)	In hedgerow.
Buck's-beard	Aruncus dioicus	Garden escape. A clump by River Avill in 1996 disappeared in later years.
Dropwort	Filipendula vulgaris	Garden escapes in our area. (A limestone species).
Meadowsweet	Filipendula ulmaria	Common by streams and river valleys, damp meadows, ditches.
Kerria	Kerria japonica	Garden origin. Sometimes found in hedgerows.
Chinese Bramble	Rubus tricolor	A species introduced as ground cover by National Trust. Has become well established in some areas and seems likely to persist.
Stone Bramble	Rubus saxatilis	In shady, rocky woodland. Devon
Raspberry	Rubus idaeus	Hedgerows, woodland tracks, verges. Native but no doubt some are garden escapes or bird-sown.
Japanese Wineberry	Rubus phoenicolasius	Woodland.
Bramble	Rubus fruticosus agg.	Practically all recorders lump brambles into this aggregate. Hedgerows, woodland, moorland, widespread everywhere.
a bramble	Rubus bertramii	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus nessensis	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus plicatus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus scissus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus albionis	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus gratus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus laciniatus	Sometimes bird-sown.
a bramble	Rubus pyramidalis	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus altiarcuatus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus boudiccae	A 1918 record at 1250 ft Simonsbath (Marshall). det 1995 from Herbarium material DEA.
a bramble	Rubus cardiophyllus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus polyanthemus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus prolongatus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus riddelsdellii	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus rubritinctus	Apparently fairly common.
a bramble	Rubus ulmifolius	Fairly frequently recorded.
a bramble	Rubus adscitus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus lanaticaulis	An 1883 record from Bonniton, Dunster SS94, det from herbarium material in 1981
a bramble	Rubus vestitus	Probably frequent.
a bramble	Rubus micans	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus cinerosus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus dentatifolius	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus leyanus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus echinatoides	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus echinatus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus flexuosus	Recorded in Devon Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus longithyrsiger	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus peninsulae	Recorded from Devon Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus dasyphyllus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus hylocharis	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus pallidisetus	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus scabripes	Confirmed from Exmoor.
a bramble	Rubus tamarensis	Confirmed from Exmoor.
Dewberry	Rubus caesius	Fairly common unless some records are in error. Present on the coast. Absent from high moorland.
Marsh Cinquefoil	Potentilla palustris	Marshy area of a springhead.
Silverweed	Potentilla anserina	Roadsides, waste ground and many situations. Profuse on mud banks of Wimbleball Lake
Sulphur Cinquefoil	Potentilla recta	On walls or waste ground. Garden origin.
Tormentil	Potentilla erecta	Throughout on acid moorland and hedgebanks.
a tormentil	Potentilla erecta ssp. erecta	The commoner subsp. on Exmoor.
a tormentil	Potentilla erecta ssp. strictissima	Occasional.
a cinquefoil	Potentilla anglica x erecta (P. x suberecta)	Recorded at Wimbleball.
Trailing Tormentil	Potentilla anglica	Scarce.
Hybrid Cinquefoil	Potentilla x mixta sens. lat. (P. anglica or erecta x reptans)	Heaths and moors
Hybrid Cinquefoil	Potentilla x mixta sens. str.	Heaths. See also P. x mixta sens. lat.
Creeping Cinquefoil	Potentilla reptans	Verges, Waste ground etc. Not on the grass moors.
Barren Strawberry	Potentilla sterilis	Widespread in hedgebanks, verges, walls, etc.
Wild Strawberry	Fragaria vesca	Common in hedgerows, old grassland, woods, etc.
Garden Strawberry	Fragaria x ananassa	Occasional garden escape or throw-out. Near habitation.
Yellow-flowered Strawberry	Duchesnea indica	Churchyard. Garden origin.
Water Avens	Geum rivale	On banks of rivers, particularly the Exe and the Quarme.
Hybrid Avens	Geum rivale x urbanum (G. x intermedium)	In damp woodlands by rivers where both parents occur.
Herb Bennet	Geum urbanum	Woods, hedgerows, waste ground, garden weed, etc.
Agrimony	Agrimonia eupatoria	Hedgerows and field borders, verges. Mostly on the lower ground.
Fragrant Agrimony	Agrimonia procera	Rough grassland.
Great Burnet	Sanguisorba officinalis	Mainly to be found in Barle Valley between Lanacre and Hayes Wood, with one or two outlying sites nr Exford, Dulverton & Simonsbath.
Salad Burnet	Sanguisorba minor ssp. minor	Rare on Exmoor as it favours calcareous soils.
Fodder Burnet	Sanguisorba minor ssp. muricata	A rare introduction which is invariably associated with Wessex Water works eg by pumping houses and around Wimbleball Lake.
Pirri-pirri-bur	Acaena novae-zelandiae	This was recorded in error near Porlock in 1981 - see Acaena ovalifolia.
Two-spined Acaena	Acaena ovalifolia	First noted 1981 near gateway West Porlock (Wrongly named as A. novae-zealandae). Correctly named by Alan Leslie in 1988. By which time it had dwindled in original site but found in good numbers nearby in woods.
Silver Lady's-mantle	Alchemilla conjuncta	Only recorded as a garden escape or throw-out at Treborough Quarry.
Intermediate Lady's-mantle	Alchemilla xanthochlora	The commonest Lady's Mantle on Exmoor although absent from Minehead and Porlock areas. Grassy areas, verges, etc.
a lady's-mantle	Alchemilla filicaulis ssp. vestita	Damp grassland and verges. Has declined in N. & S. Somerset.
Soft Lady's-mantle	Alchemilla mollis	An increasing garden escape. Naturalising. Waste ground, roadsides, churchyards.
Parsley Piert	Aphanes arvensis agg.	Most records are recorded as the aggregate. Common in grassland, banks, short grazed moorland grassy areas.
Parsley-piert	Aphanes arvensis sens.str.	Common in short grass.
Slender Parsley-piert	Aphanes inexspectata	Probably under recorded as most records lumped as A. arvensis agg. In short, sandy grass, anthills, dry banks. Less common than A. arvensis ss
Many-flowered Rose	Rosa multiflora	A tiny flowered rose, believed to be this spp. grew in the hedge at Middlecombe, Minehead from before 1982 until about 1987.
Field Rose	Rosa arvensis	A fairly common hedgerow rose and edge of woodlands. Not on high moorland areas.
a rose	Rosa arvensis x canina (R. x verticillacantha)	Recorded by Paul Green just over ENP boundary Cuckolds Combe Bridge Sep 2003 (1st modern record for VC5)
Burnet Rose	Rosa pimpinellifolia	Only one record from roadside verge near Simonsbath. The only native Somerset site is believed to be Watchet cliffs.
Japanese Rose	Rosa rugosa	Garden origin. Hedges, verges, walls etc.
Short-styled Field-rose	Rosa stylosa	Hedgerows etc. Probably under recorded.
a rose	Rosa canina x stylosa (R. x andegavensis)	Hedgerows, woodlands, etc.
Dog Rose	Rosa canina agg.	Most recorders have lumped all rose records under this aggregate. Nevertheless it is the most widespread rose on Exmoor occurring in hedges, woodlands, waste ground, etc. but not on moorland.
a rose	Rosa caesia x canina (R. x dumalis)	Cliffs or quarries.
Harsh Downy-rose	Rosa tomentosa	Hedges, scrub, etc.
Sherard's Downy-rose	Rosa sherardii	Hedges, woodland borders.
Sweet-briar	Rosa rubiginosa agg.	Scrubby areas, hedgerows. The apple-like scent may not always be detected.
Almond	Prunus dulcis	Occasionally found in hedgerows usually planted by roadsides.
Cherry Plum	Prunus cerasifera	An introduction occasionally found in hedges.
a cherry plum	Prunus cerasifera var. pissardii	Purple leaves. An introduction.
Blackthorn	Prunus spinosa	Common in hedgerows, woodland, scrubby areas, etc. Not on moorland areas such as The Chains. Important for nesting birds and the fruit, sloes, are collected by wine makers.
Bullace or Crislings	Prunus domestica	Scattered reports of Bullace (ssp institutia) in old hedgerows and a report of unidentified ssp from Shilstone. Prunus domestica ssp dom. occasional but ssp institutia very rare. Several hedgerows where it formerly grew grubbed out.
Plum	Prunus domestica ssp. domestica	Hedges or woodlands, usually a relic of habitation. See also P. domestica L.
Damson	Prunus domestica ssp. insititia	Usually called Bullace. A few hedgerows or woodland borders. See also P. domestica L.
Greengage	Prunus domestica ssp. italica	In hedgerow, West Porlock 1993. No further details available and no other reports.
Wild Cherry	Prunus avium	Woodlands and hedges. Not on moorland. Frequent on Brendon Hills area. Often planted in new woodland late 1990s.
Dwarf Cherry	Prunus cerasus	Morello Cherry. Hedgerows, thickets.
Bird Cherry	Prunus padus	Only a couple of locations where it is probably planted.
Portugal Laurel	Prunus lusitanica	Generally planted.
Cherry Laurel	Prunus laurocerasus	A frequent introduction near habitation or relic of habitation. Sometimes becoming dominant on acid soils. e.g. Sully Mill where much has been cleared in recent years.
Japanese Quince	Chaenomeles speciosa	Recorded as a relic of habitation nr Kentisbury.
Maule's Quince	Chaenomeles japonica	Nr Bossington, 1997.
Pear	Pyrus communis sens. lat.	Relic of cultivation.
Crab Apple	Malus sylvestris sens.str.	Woodlands. See also M. sylvestris sens. lat.
Apple	Malus domestica	A frequent relic of cultivation; also verges, waste ground etc.
Rowan	Sorbus aucuparia	A widespread tree typical of moorland, combes, and woods. Native in our area.
a whitebeam	Sorbus intermedia agg.	Swedish Whitebeam. Believed native in Devon woodland.
a whitebeam	Sorbus anglica	Previously recorded but now believed incorrect.
Whitebeam	Sorbus aria agg.	Sorbus aria s.l. is not thought to occur on Exmoor other than as a planted tree. An as yet unclassified Sorbus known as Taxon D has been noted at Watersmeet, Devon and nr Worthy in Somerset.
a whitebeam	Sorbus porrigentiformis	Coastal woods.
a whitebeam	Sorbus rupicola	Coastal woods.
a whitebeam	Sorbus vexans	Coastal woodlands.
a whitebeam	Sorbus subcuneata	Coastal woodlands
a whitebeam	Sorbus devoniensis	Woodlands and hedgerows. Not found in Somerset until 1994.
French Hales	Sorbus latifolia agg.	Used as an aggregate name only in the Flora & Fauna of Exmoor National Park (1996).
Juneberry	Amelanchier lamarckii	Rare introduction which produces seedlings but these do not seem to survive.
Stranvaesia	Photinia davidiana	Planted in woodland above West Porlock (Haddon's old botanic garden).
a cotoneaster	Cotoneaster glaucophyllus	C. glaucophyllus. Single tree planted in woodland above W. Porlock. (N. Haddon's old botanic garden) The only other specimen in Br Isles is in a Scottish Botanic Garden.
Tree Cotoneaster	Cotoneaster frigidus	A few scattered trees in Oare and Culbone area.
Waterer's Cotoneaster	Cotoneaster frigidus x salicifolius (C. x watereri)	Planted in woodland above West Porlock (Haddon's old botanic garden)
Late Cotoneaster	Cotoneaster lacteus	Planted in woodland above W. Porlock (Haddon's old botanic garden)
Small-leaved Cotoneaster	Cotoneaster integrifolius	An uncommon garden escape, possibly bird-sown. Long established on the coast path near Heddon Mouth, Devon. Former name was C. microphyllus.
Wall Cotoneaster	Cotoneaster horizontalis	A common bird sown garden escape especially around habitations. On walls, quarries, banks and waste places.
Himalayan Cotoneaster	Cotoneaster simonsii	A fairly frequent escape or bird-sown from gardens. On walls, stony places, waste ground, etc.
Hollyberry Cotoneaster	Cotoneaster bullatus	Hedges, verges, waste areas, etc. Garden origin.
Franchet's Cotoneaster	Cotoneaster franchetii	Walls, waste ground, hedgerows. Garden origin.
Small-leaved Cotoneaster	Cotoneaster microphyllus agg.	Garden origin sometimes bird-sown. Long established on the coast path near Heddons Mouth. (Now C. integrifolius)
Firethorn	Pyracantha coccinea	Garden origin. Bird-sown. Railway embankment. Hedgerows.
Medlar	Mespilus germanica	Roadside hedge. Old introduction.
Hawthorn	Crataegus monogyna	Moorland, combes, hedgerows, etc. An important food source and nest site for birds. Small trees or hedgerow shrubs.
False Acacia	Robinia pseudoacacia	Planted trees only. Some very big trees at Timberscombe are host to huge clumps of Mistletoe.
Goat's-rue	Galega officinalis	A rare introduction long naturalised on waste ground at Minehead Warren, by Butlins Camp.
Kidney Vetch	Anthyllis vulneraria	Scattered along length of Exmoor coastline and a few inland records.
Narrow-leaved Bird's-foot-trefoil	Lotus glaber	Dry grassy places. Possibly under recorded but can easily be confused with poorly grown L. corniculatus. Only confirmed records are from Atlas to Devon Flora
Common Bird's-foot-trefoil	Lotus corniculatus	Common throughout. Dry or sandy grassland, verges, waste ground.
Large Bird's-foot-trefoil	Lotus pedunculatus	Common throughout. Damp grassland, moorland bogs and stream banks, ditches etc. Favours acid soils.
Bird's-foot	Ornithopus perpusillus	Widespread, usually in short turfy grass. Easily overlooked.
Tufted Vetch	Vicia cracca	Frequent in hedgerows and verges. Mainly concentrated in eastern section of our area.
Wood Vetch	Vicia sylvatica	Woodland and coastal cliffs. Also local Brendon Hill area.
Hairy Tare	Vicia hirsuta	Frequent in woods, hedges and agricultural land but not on moorland.
Smooth Tare	Vicia tetrasperma	Hedgebanks, verges, woodland borders, etc. Less common than V. hirsuta.
Bush Vetch	Vicia sepium	Common in hedgerows, woods, verges, but not on the high moorland areas.
Common Vetch	Vicia sativa	Less common that V. sepium, in hedgerows, woodland borders, field borders and verges. There are 3 subsp. nigra formerly known as Narrow leaved Vetch which is found on turfy moorland areas and is Native; ssp sativa formerly cultivated for fodder and probably the commonest ssp. and segetalis sometimes cultivated for fodder. The 2 latter are introductions usually found in field borders, hedges or verges.
Narrow-leaved Vetch	Vicia sativa ssp. nigra	Frequent on turfy moorland, verges, etc.
Common Vetch	Vicia sativa ssp. sativa	Formerly cultivated for fodder. Field borders and hedges. See also V. sativa L. Subsp. seldom determined by recorders and it may in fact prove to be rare now.
Spring Vetch	Vicia lathyroides	Coastal areas: golf links, coastal heath.
Bithynian Vetch	Vicia bithynica	Formerly at Minehead railway station, went when trains reintroduced. Small amounts in one or two places. Hedgerows waste ground etc.
Broad Bean	Vicia faba	Escape from cultivation
Bitter-vetch	Lathyrus linifolius var. montanus	Frequent in woodland borders, hedgebanks and heathland. There are two forms, one with very narrow leaflets.
Meadow Vetchling	Lathyrus pratensis	Common in hedgerows and field borders, but not on the moors.
Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea	Lathyrus sylvestris	Best seen on Porlock shingle ridge but this also occurs in some hedgerows, verges and rough areas.
Broad-leaved Everlasting-pea	Lathyrus latifolius	A garden escape in some hedges, churchyards, etc.
Sweet Pea	Lathyrus odoratus	Garden escape.
Grass Vetchling	Lathyrus nissolia	A scarce plant of field borders, woodland borders, hedgebanks. Some found on a building site nr Porlock in 1979 was transferred to a bank in Great Headon Plantation where it remained until 1999.
Common Restharrow	Ononis repens	An uncommon plant mostly found near the coast, occasionally on verges and grassy places.
Tall Melilot	Melilotus altissimus	Just a couple of records from Somerset and a couple from Devon. Verges, rough ground or field borders.
White Melilot	Melilotus albus	No records since 1989. Waste ground, verges.
Ribbed Melilot	Melilotus officinalis	No records since 1991. Verges, field borders.
Black Medick	Medicago lupulina	Common in agricultural areas and near habitations but not on moorland. Grass verges, field gateways, waste ground, etc.
Sickle Medick	Medicago sativa ssp. falcata	Last seen in Somerset in 1924 N.G. Hadden at Minehead Warren
Lucerne	Medicago sativa ssp. sativa	An uncommon relic of cultivation. Verges, grassland, etc.
Toothed Medick	Medicago polymorpha	Recorded c1910 on North Hill by T.Twist & Minehead Golf Links 1967 by J. Robbins. Refound here by C.Giddens in 1978, 1988 and 1999. Our plant is var. tuberculata.
Spotted Medick	Medicago arabica	Verges, lawns, waste ground, etc. Frequent in North east part of our area, very rare elsewhere. Mostly in areas of agriculture or near habitations.
Fenugreek	Trifolium ornithopodioides	(Bird's-foot Clover) Short grassy, sandy areas near the coast.
White Clover	Trifolium repens	Common throughout the area. Verges, grassy areas, and other habitats from sea level to high moors.
Alsike Clover	Trifolium hybridum	Scattered distribution. Frequently planted as a fodder plant which becomes naturalised. Possibly native near the coast.
Clustered Clover	Trifolium glomeratum	First recorded on Coleman's Minehead List c1849, then by Hadden 1916 at Bossington. Search of old sites for Somerset Atlas Flora resulted in it being refound in 1993 at Dunster and Bossington
Suffocated Clover	Trifolium suffocatum	Only recorded from Minehead and Dunster Beach areas. Sandy places near the coast.
Strawberry Clover	Trifolium fragiferum	Seldom recorded. Damp grassland, verges.
Hop Trefoil	Trifolium campestre	Verges, grassy areas, sandy soils.
Lesser Trefoil	Trifolium dubium	Grassy areas, verges, lawns, hedge banks, walls.
Slender Trefoil	Trifolium micranthum	Short turf, lawns, sandy areas. A deeper shade of yellow than T. dubium.
Red Clover	Trifolium pratense	Common except on high moors. Verges, grassland, waste areas, fields, hedgerows, etc. Robust varieties are probably agricultural introductions.
Zigzag Clover	Trifolium medium	Verges, rough grassland.
Crimson Clover	Trifolium incarnatum ssp. incarnatum	Only one record of a single plant in root crop, Broomstreet 1991.
Knotted Clover	Trifolium striatum	Dry sandy grassland. Mainly in Porlock - Dunster Beach area.
Rough Clover	Trifolium scabrum	Only recorded from dry grassland in Porlock - Dunster Beach areas.
Hare's-foot Clover	Trifolium arvense	Short sandy grassland near the coast.
Sea Clover	Trifolium squamosum	Recorded Porlock Weir 1918 Dr W. Watson and Dunster Marshes sometime before 1896. Currently occurs on Somerset coast East of East Quantoxhead. Two Exmoor records in 1990s, one a lawn casual did not persist and one at Porlock Weir.
Subterranean Clover	Trifolium subterraneum	Short sandy grassland areas Porlock to Dunster Beach area.
Tree Lupin	Lupinus arboreus	Occurred as a casual in several places around Minehead 1967 - 1983 but no longer at any of these sites. May still occur in Devon near the coast.
Laburnum	Laburnum anagyroides	Hedgerows, woodland, verges. Usually self-sown seedlings from cultivated trees or garden throw-outs.
Hairy-fruited Broom	Cytisus striatus	One bush on roadside verge nr Minehead. (Now gone)
Broom	Cytisus scoparius	Forestry tracks, heathland, hedgerows, open woodland. Our plants are ssp. scoparius.
Montpellier Broom	Genista monspessulana	One bush in hedge nr Luccombe 1993
Petty Whin	Genista anglica	Recorded by Norman Haddon Langcombe Head 1938 and refound here in 1990 by C.J.Giddens.
Gorse	Ulex europaeus	Very common throughout. Moorland, hedgebanks, and woodland borders.
Western Gorse	Ulex gallii	Less frequent than U. europaeus but fairly common throughout area. An important constituant of coastal heaths.
Sea-buckthorn	Hippophae rhamnoides	Planted on dunes near the coast and in a derelict cottage garden in Lime Combe.
Eleagnus	Elaeagnus pungens	Planted in Hadden's old botanic garden in woodland above West Porlock.
Parrot's Feather	Myriophyllum aquaticum	Liable to occur from dumped material from garden pools. Does not survive very severe winters.
Alternate Water-milfoil	Myriophyllum alterniflorum	In upland streams.
Giant Rhubarb	Gunnera tinctoria	Planted by streams and ponds in ornamental gardens and established plants may self seed.
Purple-loosestrife	Lythrum salicaria	In the Heddon and Barle Valleys, scare elsewhere and seldom persisting. Some records may have been the result of dumped garden material.
Water Purslane	Lythrum portula	Frequent in damp moorland areas, reservoir banks, muddy tracks on acid soils.
Spurge-laurel	Daphne laureola	Shady damp banks and clayey non acid soils. Although native in parts of Somerset e.g. Blue Anchor-Watchet areas it is of garden origin in Exmoor area.
Great Willowherb	Epilobium hirsutum	Codlins & Cream. By water or in ditches on the lower ground.
Hoary Willowherb	Epilobium parviflorum	Widespread but not on moorland areas.
Broad-leaved Willowherb	Epilobium montanum	The most frequently recorded Willowherb. Occurs in a variety of habitats including verges, hedgebanks, woodlands, gardens, etc.
a willowherb	Epilobium montanum x obscurum (E. x aggregatum)	Rare.
a willowherb	Epilobium ciliatum x montanum	Probably occurs although no current records. Last recorded at Nettlecombe 1968. RGB Roe
Spear-leaved Willowherb	Epilobium lanceolatum	Widespread. Gardens, verges, waste ground, walls, etc.
a willowherb	Epilobium lanceolatum x obscurum (E. x lamotteanum)	Rare.
a willowherb	Epilobium ciliatum x lanceolatum	Rare.
Square-stalked Willowherb	Epilobium tetragonum	Damp moorland, hedgebanks, verges, waste ground, etc.
Short-fruited Willowherb	Epilobium obscurum	Hedgebanks, verges, cultivated and waste ground.
a willowherb	Epilobium ciliatum x obscurum	Rare.
Pale Willowherb	Epilobium roseum	Roadsides, verges. Scarce.
American Willowherb	Epilobium ciliatum	Cultivated and waste land, walls, verges, etc. First recorded in Britain in 1891. Widespread throughout Somerset by 1950s.
Marsh Willowherb	Epilobium palustre	Damp, boggy moorland areas.
New Zealand Willowherb	Epilobium brunnescens	Sometimes found in abundance on river banks e.g. Hoaroak Water also by track down to Wimbleball dam. Stream banks, woodland tracks, and walls. First Somerset record 1956 on the Quantocks.
Rosebay Willowherb	Chamerion angustifolium	Hedgerows, quarries, verges, waste ground. Abundant along roadsides on the Brendon Hills where it runs for miles.
Large-flowered Evening-primrose	Oenothera glazioviana	Naturalised in sandy areas Minehead to Dunster Beach, otherwise only a casual garden escape.
Least Evening-primrose	Oenothera parviflora	Recorded in error see Oe. Cambrica.
Small-flowered Evening-primrose	Oenothera cambrica	Garden escape. (Originally recorded in error as Oe. parviflora.)
Fragrant Evening-primrose	Oenothera stricta	Well naturalised in sandy areas between Minehead and Dunster Beach.
Fuchsia	Fuchsia magellanica	Garden relic or established introduction. May self-seed.
Enchanter's-nightshade	Circaea lutetiana	Woodlands, shady hedgerows, garden weed. Not on the high moorland.
Dogwood	Cornus sanguinea	Although this is a plant of calcareous soils it is surprisingly frequent in hedgerows particularly in the Selworthy area. Not on acid moorland. May sometimes be of garden origin.
Red-osier Dogwood	Cornus sericea	A rare introduction.
Cornelian-cherry	Cornus mas	Planted in woodland above West Porlock (N.Haddens old botanicûgarden).
Spotted-laurel	Aucuba japonica	Introduction.
Mistletoe	Viscum album	Only Exmoor records are within ten miles of Minehead. Has been noted on the following hosts: Apple, Crab Apple, Ornamental Willow, Lime, Hawthorn, False Acacia, Lilac. Only survived for 3 years on the Lilac.
Spindle	Euonymus europaeus	Fairly common in north and east of our area where soil is calcareous. Hedges, woodland borders, scrubby areas.
Holly	Ilex aquifolium	Common in woods, hedges and heaths. Not on the grass moors. A good pure stand at Holly Brake, east of Little Headon Plantation, Bratton Court Farm.
Box	Buxus sempervirens	Only of garden origin in our area. In hedgrows, usually near habitation. May self seed.
Dog's Mercury	Mercurialis perennis	Woods and hedgerows. Not on the higher ground. One of the earliest flowers to bloom.
Annual Mercury	Mercurialis annua	Common in cultivated land in Somerset (eastern) side of Exmoor. No records yet from Devon Exmoor. Said to have come into W. Somerset via a shipload of Russian wheat to Watchet.
Irish Spurge	Euphorbia hyberna	Woodland, Devon only. There was a 1898 report from a small wooded area on the Somerset side of Badgworthy Water, Malmsmead. Last reported there 1929.
Sun Spurge	Euphorbia helioscopia	Cultivated and waste ground.
Caper Spurge	Euphorbia lathyris	A weed of waste ground, roadsides, etc. Usually a garden escape. Said to deter moles! Green.
Dwarf Spurge	Euphorbia exigua	Very rarely recorded. Cultivated or waste land, grassy banks. Not on acid soil. Mainly Brendon Hill area.
Petty Spurge	Euphorbia peplus	A common weed of waysides, waste ground, and cultivated ground but not on the moors.
Portland Spurge	Euphorbia portlandica	A record c1910 from T.Twist Porlock Beach. Presumed a casual which did not persist. No recent records.
Sea Spurge	Euphorbia paralias	Formerly occurred at Dunster Beach - records here dated 1910 T.Twist; 1950s D.N.Williams; 1953 O. Russell. Mostly at east end of foreshore. No records since 1953
Wood Spurge	Euphorbia amygdaloides ssp. amygdaloides	In areas of ancient woodland and on sea cliffs.
a spurge	Euphorbia amygdaloides ssp. robbiae	Garden escape. Verges.
Alder Buckthorn	Frangula alnus	A big old tree near Great Gate in wood at Hawkridge. Found in small leaf 25.5.85 later conf. by Capt. R. Roe as first record since Murray's in the area from 'Woods at Dulverton". Probably the largest specimen in Somerset.
Grape-vine	Vitis vinifera	An old relic of cultivation on rough area of ground at Dunster.
Virginia-creeper	Parthenocissus quinquefolia	Old walls or dumped on waste ground. Garden origin.
Boston Ivy	Parthenocissus tricuspidata	Introduction. Walls etc.
Pale Flax	Linum bienne	Dry sunny banks or fields. On calcareous ground so missing from most of Exmoor.
Flax	Linum usitatissimum	Frequently grown on 'set aside' land and subsequently occurs as a relic or escape in field borders, hedgrows and verges. Occasionally a bird-seed alien.
Fairy Flax	Linum catharticum	Particularly on calcareous ground. Tracks, verges, grassland, banks
Common Milkwort	Polygala vulgaris	Not common as it prefers calcareous soil. Mostly to the east of the area.
Heath Milkwort	Polygala serpyllifolia	On acid moorland and heathland. The common Exmoor species.
Horse-chestnut	Aesculus hippocastanum	Many old introductions which produce seedlings but these are usually grazed or mown down. Woods, parkland, hedgerows. Not in high moorland areas.
Red Horse-chestnut	Aesculus carnea	A few fairly recent introductions. Verges, hedgerows, parkland.
Norway Maple	Acer platanoides	Recent introductions are seeding and may becombe naturalised. Woods, hedgerows.
Field Maple	Acer campestre	Frequent but mainly in the east section. Favours calcareous soils. Woods, hedgerows, scrub. Included in new woodland plantings.
Downy Japanese-maple	Acer japonicum	Planted in woodland above West Porlock (Haddons old botanic garden).
Sycamore	Acer pseudoplatanus	An introduction which has become dominant in some woodlands eg along the coast. Also in hedgerows. Seeds freely. Throughout the area except the most remote moorland.
Ashleaf Maple	Acer negundo	Planted in parks and gardens.
Smooth Japanese-maple	Acer palmatum	Single planted tree on steep bank on E. side of road on edge of Great Wood, Monksilver.
Stag's-horn Sumach	Rhus hirta	Rare introduction on road verges.
a sumach	Fatsia japonica	Self-sown at base of wall on roadside, Porlock Weir.
Chilean Yellow-sorrel	Oxalis valdiviensis	Last reported as a garden weed in Minehead 1959.
Procumbent Yellow-sorrel	Oxalis corniculata	Paths, walls, gardens, etc. Garden origin. Usually near habitations.
a procumbent yellow-sorrel	Oxalis corniculata var. atropurpurea	Garden origin.
Upright Yellow-sorrel	Oxalis stricta	Walls, roadsides, near habitation. Garden origin.
Pink-sorrel	Oxalis articulata	A persistent weed near habitations. Garden origin.
Wood-sorrel	Oxalis acetosella	In woods and hedgerows. One of the few plants found in upland beech hedges. Only scarce in the Chains area. Not uncommon to find pink flowered varieties.
Garden Pink-sorrel	Oxalis latifolia	In recent years has become a troublesome weed in allotments and flower beds in Minehead and Dunster area. It has also been noted in the Heddon Valley.
Four-leaved Pink-sorrel	Oxalis tetraphylla	A weed in Nettlecombe Court.
Pale Pink-sorrel	Oxalis incarnata	A weed around habitations in the northern section of our area. Gardens, roadsides, etc.
French Crane's-bill	Geranium endressii	Garden origin. Verges, hedge banks, etc.
Druce's Crane's-bill	Geranium endressii x versicolor (G. x oxonianum)	Garden origin. Verges, etc.
Pencilled Crane's-bill	Geranium versicolor	Garden origin but very well naturalised in Porlock Vale and some other areas. Hedgebanks, etc.
Knotted Crane's-bill	Geranium nodosum	Verges. Garden origin. No current Exmoor records.
Round-leaved Crane's-bill	Geranium rotundifolium	Only a small amount on the very edge of Exmoor boundary near Carhampton.
Meadow Crane's-bill	Geranium pratense	Although native in N. Somerset it is only a garden escape or introduction in our area.
Bloody Crane's-bill	Geranium sanguineum	Waste ground, stony areas. Garden origin, sometimes persistent. (Native in N. Somerset).
Long-stalked Crane's-bill	Geranium columbinum	Mainly in north and east of our area. Favours a more calcareous soil. In some hedgebanks, dry grassland, etc. Not on the moors.
Cut-leaved Crane's-bill	Geranium dissectum	Hedgebanks, verges, field borders, not on high moorland.
Purple Crane's-bill	Geranium ibericum x platypetalum (G. x magnificum)	Garden origin. Verges, etc.
Hedgerow Crane's-bill	Geranium pyrenaicum	Hedge banks, verges, field borders. Mostly in the north and east part of our area, probably because the soil is less acid there.
Small-flowered Crane's-bill	Geranium pusillum	Several reports but the most reliable ones appear to be on the coast between Dunster Beach and Porlock. 1970s.
Dove's-foot Crane's-bill	Geranium molle	Common in hedgebanks, verges, fields, etc. but not on the moors.
Rock Crane's-bill	Geranium macrorrhizum	Garden origin. Hedgebanks, verges, etc.
Shining Crane's-bill	Geranium lucidum	Hedgebanks, walls, verges. Not on the more remote areas.
Herb-robert	Geranium robertianum	Hedgerows, verges, waste ground, cultivated ground, walls and woodland borders. Only absent from moorland in The Chains area. The common one is subsp. robertianum.
a crane's-bill	Geranium robertianum ssp. maritimum	On coastal shingle Porlock Weir to Dunster Beach. Possibly occurs on Devon coast but not so far recorded.
Dusky Crane's-bill	Geranium phaeum	An infrequent but occasionally long est-ablished garden escape
Sea Stork's-bill	Erodium maritimum	Coastal rocks and tracks and sandy areas.
Musk Stork's-bill	Erodium moschatum	In grassland near Minehead and Porlock only.
Common Stork's-bill	Erodium cicutarium	Grassy turf and sandy areas near the sea, occasionally inland.
Sticky Stork's-bill	Erodium lebelii	Minehead Golf Links and Dunster beach.
Nasturtium	Tropaeolum majus	Garden escapes.
Indian Balsam	Impatiens glandulifera	Stream and river banks, waste ground, verges. An increasing species in the area.
Common Ivy	Hedera helix	In hedges, woods, trees, etc. widespread. Only unrecorded from a few tetrads in the area of The Chains. Records are mostly for subsp. helix.
Atlantic Ivy	Hedera helix ssp. hibernica	Ground cover in a few woodlands but probably under recorded.
Marsh Pennywort	Hydrocotyle vulgaris	In boggy moorland areas.
Sanicle	Sanicula europaea	Shady hedgerows, verges and stream banks, woodlands. In most woods, not on moorland.
Sea Holly	Eryngium maritimum	Recorded in sandy areas at Minehead in Murray (1896). Long gone.
Rough Chervil	Chaerophyllum temulum	Hedgebanks, verges, woodland borders. Common in these situations on the eastern side of Exmoor but not on the higher moorland.
Cow Parsley	Anthriscus sylvestris	Hedgerows, verges, woodlands, in most areas except the higher moorland. Probably the commonest umbellifer, sometimes abundant.
Bur Parsley	Anthriscus caucalis	Only recorded in a few sandy areas near the coast. Porlock to Dunster Beach.
Shepherd's-needle	Scandix pecten-veneris	Once a common weed of arable land but now very rare. There have been two cases of plants arising from dormant seed since 1974. One in a garden after deep digging and one on a roadside where bank was cut away. Both only lasted a few years.
Sweet Cicely	Myrrhis odorata	Garden origin but apparently naturalised in a few hedgerows or verges.
Alexanders	Smyrnium olusatrum	Very common in hedgerows near the coast where it is increasing and sometimes abundant. Also waste ground and verges.
Pignut	Conopodium majus	Common in woods and short grass on moorland and hedgebanks. Widespread.
Greater Burnet-saxifrage	Pimpinella major	Only record is from near Parracombe.
Burnet-saxifrage	Pimpinella saxifraga	In dry calcareous grassland, churchyards.
Ground-elder	Aegopodium podagraria	A troublesome garden weed which is also found on verges, hedgebanks, woodland borders, etc. Difficult to eradicate.
Lesser Water-parsnip	Berula erecta	Very rare - only recorded from Dunster Hawn pool where it has since probably been cleared out.
Rock Samphire	Crithmum maritimum	Small amounts occur all along the coast from Combe Martin to Dunster Beach.
Tubular Water-dropwort	Oenanthe fistulosa	A record from Porlock Marsh in 1986 presumed gone. Has declined in Somerset generally.
Corky-fruited Water-dropwort	Oenanthe pimpinelloides	No recent records but reported from Minehead and Lynton in past years.
Hemlock Water-dropwort	Oenanthe crocata	Ditches, streams and rivers, marshy fields. Widespread. There have been instances of cattle and ponies being poisoned by this plant.
Fool's parsley	Aethusa cynapium ssp. cynapium	Arable land and waste ground. Occasionally in hedge banks. The commonest subsp. a fool's parsley Aethusa cynapium ssp. agrestis Less common than ssp. cynapium. Similar situations i.e. Arable and waste land.
Fennel	Foeniculum vulgare	Mainly occurs in waste land or sandy areas near the sea where it is native. Inland sites near habitations are probably garden escapes.
Pepper-saxifrage	Silaum silaus	In dry, unimproved grassland. Has declined in areas of intensive farming. Only in one or two Exmoor sites.
Hemlock	Conium maculatum	Hedgerows, field borders, waste ground. Not on the moors.
Thorow-wax	Bupleurum rotundifolium	Extinct. Recorded by N.G. Hadden in Porlock Gardens c1948.
False Thorow-wax	Bupleurum subovatum	Was seen at Dunster Beach in 1960s. A bird-seed alien.
Wild Celery	Apium graveolens	Usually near the sea or on waste ground or tips. Scarce
Fool's Water-cress	Apium nodiflorum	Common by streams both lowland and moorland but not Chains area.
Garden Parsley	Petroselinum crispum	Surprisingly no current records. Could occur on tips or dumping areas.
Corn Parsley	Petroselinum segetum	Very rare in our area although it is said to be increasing in mid Somerset. No longer a cornfield weed but it is occasionally found on banks etc.
Stone Parsley	Sison amomum	Common in Porlock to Minehead and Brendon Hill area. Waysides, waste ground, hedgbanks, etc.
Bullwort	Ammi majus	New record VC5 in 1982, garden weed Minehead also at Alcombe and Porlock in 1980s. Probably birdseed origin, or imported with other seed.
Wild Angelica	Angelica sylvestris	Widespread along rivers and streams. Absent from much of Porlock area SS84.
Garden Angelica	Angelica archangelica	Only record was from a ditch behind Butlins Holiday Camp at Minehead but this did not persist.
Wild Parsnip	Pastinaca sativa ssp. sativa var. sylvestris	Waste ground, verges.
Parsnip	Pastinaca sativa ssp. sativa var. hortensis	Casual garden throw-out. Waste ground.
Hogweed	Heracleum sphondylium	Hedges, waste ground, field borders, woodland edges, etc. Widespread, only absent from moorland areas such as The Chains.
Giant Hogweed	Heracleum mantegazzianum	Waste ground, pavement edges, hedge banks and near streams.
Upright Hedge-parsley	Torilis japonica	Hedgerows, verges, woodland borders.
Knotted Hedge-parsley	Torilis nodosa	Dry grassland, lawns, verges, mainly near the coast
Wild Carrot	Daucus carota ssp. carota	In dry neutral grassland, waste ground, verges. Not on acid land.
Carrot	Daucus carota ssp. sativus	Garden relic or throw out. Track. Could appear at dumps.
Common Centaury	Centaurium erythraea	Grassland, hedgebanks, tracks. Not on the more acid moorland.
Lesser Centaury	Centaurium pulchellum	No current records. Last c1965 N.G. Hadden from Ley Hill. Unconfirmed record Timberscombe 1990s
Yellow-wort	Blackstonia perfoliata	Sea cliffs, dry grassland, sandy areas. Absent from most of Exmoor area.
Field Gentian	Gentianella campestris	Extinct. Last recorded hill pastures between Oare & Culbone, N.G.Hadden 194O
Lesser Periwinkle	Vinca minor	Hedge banks, verges. Garden origin.
Intermediate Periwinkle	Vinca difformis	Garden origin. Hedgebanks.
Greater Periwinkle	Vinca major	Hedge banks, waste ground. Garden origin.
Apple of Peru	Nicandra physalodes	Field gateways, waste ground. Does not persist.
Duke of Argyll's Teaplant	Lycium barbarum	A few places on the coast but a fair amount where it does occur.
Chinese Teaplant	Lycium chinense	Edge of Minehead Golf Links
Henbane	Hyoscyamus niger	Recorded between Minehead and Dunster Beach since 1910.
Tomato	Lycopersicon esculentum	Rubbish dumps and foreshore from sewage dispersal.
Black Nightshade	Solanum nigrum ssp. nigrum	Frequent agricultural weed and in waste places but mainly in the north and east section of our area.
Green Nightshade	Solanum physalifolium	Cultivated and waste ground, waysides.
Leafy-fruited Nightshade	Solanum sarachoides	Probably recorded in error for S. physalifolium.
Bittersweet	Solanum dulcamara	Hedgerows, waste areas, coast, woodland borders.
Potato	Solanum tuberosum	Garden throw-outs, relics of cultivation, waste ground, tips.
Kangaroo-apple	Solanum laciniatum	A very rare escape from cultivation. Only noted from West Porlock area.
Thorn-apple	Datura stramonium	Recorded Dunster Beach 1956 and various locations in Bossington/Porlock area since 1959. Occasionally abundant Very local in distribution and not recorded every year. Agricultural and waste land. Wild Tobacco Nicotiana rustica Single plant on heap of soil, Minehead 1992
Petunia	Petunia axillaris x integrifolia (P. x hybrida)	Garden escapes
Field Bindweed	Convolvulus arvensis	Roadsides, hedgebanks, agricultural land, waste land. Not on central moorland.
Hedge Bindweed	Calystegia sepium	Hedgerows. Possibly over recorded in error for the introduced C. silvatica which is usually more common. a bindweed Calystegia sepium x silvatica (C. x lucana) Hedgerows, waste ground, etc. Hairy Bindweed Calystegia pulchra Waste ground. Only one record.
Large Bindweed	Calystegia silvatica	Commoner than the native C. sepium. Similar situations, hedgerows, gardens, cultivated ground, etc. Usually near habitation. Some records may be confused with C. sepium.
Dodder	Cuscuta epithymum	Parasitic on Gorse, Whortleberry, Wood Sage, Heathers. Sometimes abundant on North Hill, Minehead. Only recorded from northern Exmoor.
Bogbean	Menyanthes trifoliata	In upland boggy areas, sometimes in quantity but generally rather sparse.
Fringed Water-lily	Nymphoides peltata	Ponds. A 1986 record at Dunster Hawn did not persist.
Jacob's-ladder	Polemonium caeruleum	Garden escape. Hedgerows, verges.
Phacelia	Phacelia tanacetifolia	Garden escape. Bird seed alien or relic of cultivation.
Field Gromwell	Lithospermum arvense	No recent records. Last recorded by N.G. Hadden 1965 as an occasional weed at Porlock.
Viper's Bugloss	Echium vulgare	On the coast and occasionally in dry pastures inland.
Lungwort	Pulmonaria officinalis	Garden origin. Verges, waste ground.
Common Comfrey	Symphytum officinale	Verges, damp field or woodland borders
Russian Comfrey	Symphytum asperum x officinale (S. x uplandicum)	Verges, waste ground. Said to be increasing.
Hidcote Comfrey	Symphytum 'Hidcote Blue' (S. asperum x grandiflorum x officinale)	Garden origin. Waste ground.
Creeping Comfrey	Symphytum grandiflorum	Verges, hedge banks, woodland edges. Garden origin. Sometimes dominant.
White Comfrey	Symphytum orientale	Roadsides, field borders, stream banks. Garden origin. Plentiful at Allerford.
Great Forget-me-not	Brunnera macrophylla	An occasional garden escape or throw-out on dumps etc. Sometimes confused with Blue-eyed-Mary.
Bugloss	Anchusa arvensis	A small amount at Dunster Beach/Minehead Golf Links. Once recorded as an arable weed.
Green Alkanet	Pentaglottis sempervirens	In hedgerows and waste ground below 1000 ft. A writer in the Church Times 1905 stated near the Weir by the roadside are many plants of the intensely blue alkonet ... a distinct rarety. Usually near habitations as it is an old introduction.
Borage	Borago officinalis	Garden origin. Verges, waste ground etc. Does not persist.
Abraham-Isaac-Jacob	Trachystemon orientalis	Garden origin. Woodland edge and verge.
Water Forget-me-not	Myosotis scorpioides	Banks of the larger rivers and streams or by ponds.
Creeping Forget-me-not	Myosotis secunda	The commonest forget-me-not on Exmoor. In most upland boggy areas and by streams and ponds.
Tufted Forget-me-not	Myosotis laxa	Ponds and stream banks. Possibly under recorded.
Wood Forget-me-not	Myosotis sylvatica	A garden escape only in our area. Woodlands, waste ground, verges.
Field Forget-me-not	Myosotis arvensis	Verges, fields, often in corn stubble.
Early Forget-me-not	Myosotis ramosissima	Coastal grassland, sandy areas.
Changing Forget-me-not	Myosotis discolor	Walls, waste ground, by tracks, verges.
Blue-eyed Mary	Omphalodes verna	Occasionally recorded in error for Brunnera macrophylla (Great Forget-me-not)
Hound's-tongue	Cynoglossum officinale	Sandy areas on the coast, and on a dry slope above Wootton Courtenay 1914 and 1995.
Vervain	Verbena officinalis	Near the coast and on non acid soil in Washford Vale.
Argentinian Vervain	Verbena bonariensis	Escapes from gardens and flower baskets.
Betony	Stachys officinalis	Neutral grassland, churchyards, hedgebanks. Widespread.
Hedge Woundwort	Stachys sylvatica	Hedgebanks, verges, woodland borders. Common and widespread except for remote grass moorland areas.
Hybrid Woundwort	Stachys palustris x sylvatica (S. x ambigua)	Hedgebanks, ditches both dry or damp areas. Most frequent in south of area; possibly under recorded.
Marsh Woundwort	Stachys palustris	Not on high moors but frequent along streams, rivers and damp grassland.
Field Woundwort	Stachys arvensis	Weed of arable land. Mainly in Porlock - Minehead area, the Brendons and Heasley Mill areas.
Black Horehound	Ballota nigra	subsp. foetida. Mainly in the Minehead area. Hedge banks and waste ground.
Motherwort	Leonurus cardiaca	arden escapes; extinct. Known at Bossington 1913-1930 and "plentiful on Woodcombe slopes with white mullein c1900. An interesting record from Old Cleeve just off Exmoor in 2001.
Yellow Archangel	Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum	Hedgebanks, woodlands, shady areas. Not on moorland. The wild plant is subsp. montanum.
Garden Yellow Archangel	Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. argentatum	An increasing garden escape or throw-out which quickly forms a ground cover. Hedgebanks and verges.
White Dead-nettle	Lamium album	Verges, waste ground, hedge banks. Not on moorland.
Spotted Dead-nettle	Lamium maculatum	Garden escape or throw-out. Verges etc.
Red Dead-nettle	Lamium purpureum	Cultivated ground, verges, waste ground. Not on remote moorland.
Cut-leaved Dead-nettle	Lamium hybridum	Mainly in Brendon Hills area. A weed of cultivated land.
Hen-bit Dead-nettle	Lamium amplexicaule	Cultivated ground, walls, verges. Only recorded in north-east part of area.
Common Hemp-nettle [agg.]	Galeopsis tetrahit agg.	Arable land, damp verges. Some records probably should bereferred to G. bifida.
Bifid Hemp-nettle	Galeopsis bifida	Verges, hedgerows, damp moorland. Probably under recorded due to confusion with G. tetrahit L.
Jerusalem Sage	Phlomis fruticosa	Naturalised in field border near Selworthy but heads collected annually, probably by flower arrangers.
Bastard Balm	Melittis melissophyllum	Woods and woodland borders and banks.
White Horehound	Marrubium vulgare	ecorded by D. Williams as "Plentiful, Minehead Warren in 1923. A few plants seen 1974 in field on North Hill and on Dunster Beach in 1979 but none seen in area since 1983.
Skullcap	Scutellaria galericulata	Banks of R. Barle.
Lesser Skullcap	Scutellaria minor	On wet moorland boggy areas. Some sites have been lost due to drainage.
Wood Sage	Teucrium scorodonia	Hedges, woods, heather moorland. Widespread. Only missing from some remote moorland areas.
Bugle	Ajuga reptans	Damp woods and shady verges and meadows.
Garden Cat-mint	Nepeta nepetella x racemosa (N. x faassenii)	Garden escape.
Ground-ivy	Glechoma hederacea	hedgebanks, woods, verges, etc. Common except on the grass moors.
Selfheal	Prunella vulgaris	Lawns, verges, grassland, woodland and upland. Widespread.
Balm	Melissa officinalis	Garden escape. Waysides etc. near habitations.
Common Calamint	Clinopodium ascendens	Frequent in the Minehead - Porlock area. A few other scattered locations near habitation on non acid soils.
Wild Basil	Clinopodium vulgare	Grassy banks, hedgerows.
Wild Marjoram	Origanum vulgare	Hedge banks, churchyards, verges. Most records are probably garden escapes but some may possibly be native.
Large Thyme	Thymus pulegioides	Grassland.
Wild Thyme	Thymus polytrichus	Dry grassland especially near the coast; anthills.
Gipsywort	Lycopus europaeus	Ditches and marshy ground.
Corn Mint	Mentha arvensis	Widespread in arable areas, not on moorland. Fields, verges, hedgebanks, reservoir banks.
Whorled Mint	Mentha aquatica x arvensis (M. x verticillata)	Fairly frequent on eastern section of area, scarce in west or under recorded. Damp places and arable land.
Bushy Mint	Mentha arvensis x spicata (M. x gracilis)	Recorded in the area in 2001. Previously thought extinct in Somerset.
Water Mint	Mentha aquatica	Common by upland streams and boggy areas also damp areas and ditches lower down.
Peppermint	Mentha aquatica x spicata (M. x piperita)	By streams and rivers or pond edges. var. dumetorum (Hairy Peppermint) has been recorded but is very rare. It is no longer recognised as a subspecies.
Spear Mint	Mentha spicata	Escapes from cultivation or garden throw-outs. Waste places, dumps, etc.
Apple-mint	Mentha spicata x suaveolens (M. x villosa)	The various varieties of Apple-mint have long caused headaches in the area! The above hybrid has however been confirmed
Garden Apple-mint	Mentha x villosa var. alopecuroides	Confirmed from stream banks at Allerford and Bossington. (Originally recorded in error as M. suaveolens).
Round-leaved Mint	Mentha suaveolens	This species is thought to occur near habitations as a garden escape. It was recorded in error from stream banks atûBossington and Allerford where sp. was later determined as Mûx villosa var alopecuroides.
Pennyroyal	Mentha pulegium	Appeared in newly dug part of garden, Bossington Lane.û1982. Persisted many years, may be still there.
Corsican Mint	Mentha requienii	Garden weed in paths Porlock Weir 1975.
Garden Lavender	Lavandula angustifolia x latifolia (L. x intermedia)	Garden escapes.
Rosemary	Rosmarinus officinalis	Garden escapes on walls
Wild Clary	Salvia verbenaca	Sandy areas near the coast. Has declined. One inland record.
Whorled Clary	Salvia verticillata	An alien, established at Lower Marsh, Dunster since 1918 - Roe. But now gone.
Common Water-starwort	Callitriche stagnalis sens.str.	On mud on tracks, by pools, ditches, etc.
Various-leaved Water-starwort	Callitriche platycarpa	Ponds, streams and ditches.
Blunt-fruited Water-starwort	Callitriche obtusangula	Ditches, streams, ponds.
Pedunculate Water-starwort	Callitriche brutia	Very rare.
Intermediate Water-Starwort	Callitriche hamulata sens.str.	Rivers, streams, ponds.
Buck's-horn Plantain	Plantago coronopus	All along the coast and a few inland sites e.g. WoottonûCourtenay.
Sea Plantain	Plantago maritima	Coastal mud and salt marsh.
Greater Plantain	Plantago major	Throughout. Only absent from some moorland areas and woods. Both subsp. major and intermedia occur.
a greater plantain	Plantago major ssp. major	The usual subsp. but see under P. major L.
a greater plantain	Plantago major ssp. intermedia	Recorded from Wimbleball Lake; may occur near the sea.
Hoary Plantain	Plantago media	Only a few records from non acid soils.
Ribwort Plantain	Plantago lanceolata	Recorded from all but one tetrad where it may well occur.
Shoreweed	Littorella uniflora	Abundant at Wimbleball Lake and in smaller quantities at Nutscale and places on the R. Barle where it was first recorded in 1918. Increased
Butterfly-bush	Buddleja davidii	A frequently naturalized escape from gardens. Waste ground, roadsides, etc. usually near habitation. var. nanhoensis recorded Culver Cliff Wood 1995.
Winter Jasmine	Jasminum nudiflorum	Garden escape.
a forsythia	Forsythia suspensa	In scrub on E. side of fp leading to Hurlstone Point 1997.
Forsythia	Forsythia suspensa x viridissima (F. x intermedia)	Hedges. Garden origin.
Manna Ash	Fraxinus ornus	Planted in woodland above West Porlock (N. Hadden's old botanic garden).
Ash	Fraxinus excelsior	Hedgerows, woodlands. Fine old specimens often occur near farmsteads. Only absent from The Chains area of moorland.
Lilac	Syringa vulgaris	Garden origin. Persistent in some hedgerows or old cottage gardens. Naturalised on sea cliffs at Quay West, Minehead.
Wild Privet	Ligustrum vulgare	Hedges, scrub, woodland borders and sand dunes at Dunster Beach. Frequent away from moorland.
Garden Privet	Ligustrum ovalifolium	Hedges and waste ground near habitations.
Eyebright	Euphrasia sp.	A very difficult group comprising 82 species in Britain plus hybrids. Most records therefore refer to the aggregate. Little attempt has been made to identify them on Exmoor but the following sp. have been confirmed: E. anglica; E. anglica x confusa; E. nemorosa; E. confusa; E. micrantha. E. anglica x micrantha 1952; E. arctica ssp borealis; E. tetraquetra c1980; E. confusa x micrantha; E. scottica.
Moth Mullein	Verbascum blattaria	Only records are from near Lynmouth.
Twiggy Mullein	Verbascum virgatum	Recorded from shingle bank at Minehead in 1892 and still there in 2002. Also noted in churchyards and at Lee Bay.
Orange Mullein	Verbascum phlomoides	Churchyards, waste ground, etc. Does not seem to persist.
Great Mullein	Verbascum thapsus	Waste ground, shingle, hedges, stony fields. Not on moorland.
a mullein	Verbascum x thapsi	Near Bossington where both parents are native. The white mullein is the yellow-flowered form.
Dark Mullein	Verbascum nigrum	Waste ground, churchyards, verges, etc.
White Mullein	Verbascum lychnitis	The yellow flowered form is endemic around Allerford and Bossington where it was recorded in 1850. The quantity varies from year to year and it has had several narrow escapes with path trimming and pulling in mistake for ragwort. It is on National Trust sub let land but no satisfactory management plans have been devised.
Common Figwort	Scrophularia nodosa	Waste places, woodlands, hedgerows. Not on central moorlands.
Water Figwort	Scrophularia auriculata	Less common than S. nodosa. By rivers and streams, ponds etc.
Musk	Mimulus moschatus	Weed at Nettlecombe Court 1968. Pinkery Farm and Huntscott Farm, 1992.
Monkeyflower	Mimulus guttatus	By streams and river, sometimes in quantity.
a monkeyflower	Mimulus guttatus x luteus (M. x robertsii)	By streams, rivers and ponds. Sometimes abundant.
Blood-drop Emlets	Mimulus luteus	Very rare and records are more likely to be the hybrid M x robertsii.
Mudwort	Limosella aquatica	Recorded in 1848 and 1849 in shallow ditches on the salt-marshes, Dunster. Herb. BM.Wimbleball 2001.
a slipperwort	Calceolaria integrifolia	Garden origin. Wall in Minehead.
Snapdragon	Antirrhinum majus	On old walls about habitations.
Small Toadflax	Chaenorhinum minus	Waste ground and railway tracks.
Weasel's-snout	Misopates orontium	Mainly confined to Porlock Vale where it has decreased in recent years due to change of farming methods.
Trailing Snapdragon	Asarina procumbens	There have been a few records from walls and gardens, possibly bird-seed origin.
Ivy-leaved Toadflax	Cymbalaria muralis	On old walls and stony banks around towns and villages where it is well naturalised. First Somerset record 1868; First Devon record 1797. It is subsp. muralis.
Sharp-leaved Fluellen	Kickxia elatine	A scarce weed in arable/cultivated land.
Round-leaved Fluellen	Kickxia spuria	A rare weed of arable/cultivated land.
Common Toadflax	Linaria vulgaris	Hedge banks. Not on moorland.
Purple Toadflax	Linaria purpurea	Walls, banks, waste ground near habitations. Garden origin.
Pale Toadflax	Linaria repens	Garden origin.
Foxglove	Digitalis purpurea	Hedge banks, moorland, woodland - sometimes abundant for a few seasons after clear-felling of trees.
Fairy Foxglove	Erinus alpinus	A garden escape on walls near habitations.
Thyme-leaved Speedwell	Veronica serpyllifolia	Tracks, moors, heaths, arable land, gardens, churchyards, etc. Ours is subsp. serpyllifolia.
Heath Speedwell	Veronica officinalis	Usually in short grass on acid moorland and heaths also hedgebanks.
Germander Speedwell	Veronica chamaedrys	Hedge banks, woodland, verges.
Wood Speedwell	Veronica montana	Woodland and shady hedgerows.
Marsh Speedwell	Veronica scutellata	Boggy moorland areas, stream banks.
Brooklime	Veronica beccabunga	Streams, ditches, ponds and reservoirs. Damp areas. Not on the higher moorland.
Pink Water-speedwell	Veronica catenata	Only records are from Minehead Marshes where it has declined along with the area of marshland.
Wall Speedwell	Veronica arvensis	Walls, stubble fields, dry banks, lawns, etc.
Green Field-speedwell	Veronica agrestis	Arable land or gardens.
Grey Field-speedwell	Veronica polita	Gardens, waste ground, agricultural land.
Common Field-speedwell	Veronica persica	Gardens, arable land, waste ground, verges. Only scarce on the remote moorland. First recorded in Britain in 1825 and by 1896 (Murray) it had colonised extensively throughout Somerset. First recorded in Devon in 1841.
Slender Speedwell	Veronica filiformis	Sometimes forming a blue carpet in lawns, verges, churchyards, grassy places. First recorded in Somerset at Bicknoller 1932.
Ivy-leaved Speedwell [agg.]	Veronica hederifolia	Common except in moorland areas as the Chains. Gardens, verges, arable land, woods. Both subsp. occur but ssp. lucorum is the commoner.
an ivy-leaved speedwell	Veronica hederifolia ssp. hederifolia	Less common than ssp. lucorum ssp hederifolia has bluer flowers.
an ivy-leaved speedwell	Veronica hederifolia ssp. lucorum	Commoner than ssp. hederifolia ssp lucorum has paler, lilac-blue flowers.
Garden Speedwell	Veronica longifolia	Garden origin. Seen in 1982 and 1998 in hedgerow at Blagdon Cross.
Koromiko	Hebe salicifolia	Garden origin. Hedgerows.
Barker's Hebe	Hebe barkeri	Hedgerow. Garden origin.
Cornish Moneywort	Sibthorpia europaea	Stream banks, wet hedge banks, boggy areas. SS84 is said to be where it is most prolific in Britain. Has increased in recent years.
Common Cow-wheat	Melampyrum pratense	Hedge banks, open woodland, moorland. Semi-parisitic on whortleberry. Foodplant of Heath Fritillary butterfly larvae.
an eyebright	Euphrasia anglica	Grassy upland areas. Distribution not known due toûdifficulties in identification.
an eyebright	Euphrasia anglica x confusa	Short upland turf. Distribution not known due to difficulties in identification.
an eyebright	Euphrasia anglica x micrantha	Upland turf. Distribution not known due to difficulties in identification. Only record nr Withypool 1952 - not reported since.
an eyebright	Euphrasia arctica ssp. borealis	Old records pre 1970 at least from Simonsbath and Bossington. Nothing recent. Distribution not known due to difficulties in identification.
an eyebright	Euphrasia tetraquetra	re 1980. "A few places near the coast from Porlock eastwards No recent records probably overlooked due to difficulties in identification. Grassland.
an eyebright	Euphrasia nemorosa	Heathland and pastures. Distribution not known due to difficulties in identification.
an eyebright	Euphrasia confusa	Grassland. Upland areas. Distribution not known due to difficulties in identification.
an eyebright	Euphrasia confusa x micrantha	Upland turfy areas. Distribution not known due to difficulties in identification.
an eyebright	Euphrasia micrantha	Heather moorland. Distribution not known due to difficulties in identification.
an eyebright	Euphrasia scottica	No current records. Last reported nr Simonsbath and nr Withypool 1918 - Marshall. Possibly overlooked due to difficulties in identification.
Red Bartsia	Odontites vernus	Fields, grassland, arable land, by tracks. Records refer to subsp. serotinus.
Yellow-rattle	Rhinanthus minor	Common in the Devon section of Exmoor on grassy banks, verges, meadows. Sparse otherwise. No work has been done on the various subspecies.
Marsh Lousewort (Red Rattle)	Pedicularis palustris	Commonest in the central moorland bogs.
Lousewort	Pedicularis sylvatica	Common on damp moorland. Our plants are subsp. sylvatica.
Foxglove-tree	Paulownia tomentosa	Self sown from parent tree in Greencombe Gardens on to woodland track West Porlock.
Toothwort	Lathraea squamaria	Parasitic on the roots of hazel. Only recorded from two sites on Exmoor where in some years there have been hundreds of plants but in other (recent) years none at all. Has been recorded in Somerset from other host plants including Wych Elm, Alder, Field Maple and Sycamore.
Purple Toothwort	Lathraea clandestina	Was parasitic on willow at West Porlock for many years but none seen recently. Last seen 1982.
Greater Broomrape	Orobanche rapum-genistae	Parasitic on gorse or broom.
Thyme Broomrape	Orobanche alba	One record on garden thyme which had come from France, 1978. Greencombe, Porlock. Did not recur.
Ivy Broomrape	Orobanche hederae	Parasite on ivy. Churchyards, sea cliffs, etc. Only grows on Helix hedera subsp. hibernica.
Common Broomrape	Orobanche minor	Parasitic on a number of different host plants. Railways, gardens, banks.
Bear's-breech	Acanthus mollis	Garden origin.
Pale Butterwort	Pinguicula lusitanica	In moorland boggy areas. Declined in some places through drainage. Likes barish muddy ground. Jones (1991) considered poaching by cattle and drainage were causing reduction on Exmoor.
Large-flowered Butterwort	Pinguicula grandiflora	Large number of plants in a boggy flush by Weir Water first recorded in 1970. It is well naturalised and by May 1999 had increased to c8000 plants. Roe believed both this and the Holford Combe colony to be introduced from Irish stock. In July 1999 a single plant was discovered on Dunkery looking as if recently planted. This produced about a dozen seedlings in 2002.
Peach-leaved Bellflower	Campanula persicifolia	Garden escape.
Canterbury-bell	Campanula medium	Garden escape.
Adria Bellflower	Campanula portenschlagiana	On walls and banks around towns and villages. Garden origin.
Trailing Bellflower	Campanula poscharskyana	On walls and banks around towns and villages.
Giant Bellflower	Campanula latifolia	Garden origin. Established in hedgebanks on Brendon Hills.
Nettle-leaved Bellflower	Campanula trachelium	Although native on Mendips it is thought to be a garden escape elsewhere in Somerset but it may be native in Devon near Lynton.
Harebell	Campanula rotundifolia	Very rare. Recorded by N.G. Hadden 1940s Oare Post but site cultivated; and by a Miss Hewitt in 1875 on Grabbist confined to one spot above Alcombe of c12 sq yds.but not recorded there since. There is reputedly some on an Exmoor farm but site not disclosed at farmer's request.(1990s). Occasionally reported from gardens as 'unplanted'.
Ivy-leaved Bellflower	Wahlenbergia hederacea	Moorland boggy areas, by streams and tracks, etc. Has declined on Quantock Hills.
Sheep's-bit	Jasione montana	On walls, dry banks, cliffs on acid soil.
Garden Lobelia	Lobelia erinus	Escapes from flower baskets and window boxes in towns and villages.
Field Madder	Sherardia arvensis	Arable fields, verges, grassland, dry banks. Common in north and east of area.
Woodruff	Galium odoratum	Woods and shady banks.
Fen Bedstraw	Galium uliginosum	Damp grassland and boggy moorland.
Common Marsh-bedstraw	Galium palustre	Widespread and common in moorland bogs and by streams and ponds. Subspp. palustre and elongatum both occur but there are few records.
a common marsh-bedstraw	Galium palustre ssp. palustre	Boggy moorland. Probably under recorded as most records are for the aggregate.
a common marsh-bedstraw	Galium palustre ssp. elongatum	Probably under recorded as most records are for the aggregate.
Lady's Bedstraw	Galium verum	Grassland, mainly near the coast where it may have decreased due to loss of habitat. Not on acid soils.
Hedge Bedstraw	Galium mollugo ssp. mollugo	Hedge banks, woodland borders, not on moorland.
Upright Hedge Bedstraw	Galium mollugo ssp. erectum	Sloping fields at W. Lynch
Heath Bedstraw	Galium saxatile	Common on moorland.
Cleavers	Galium aparine	Hedgerows, fields, gardens, waste ground.
Crosswort	Cruciata laevipes	Verges, roadsides, grassland.
Wild Madder	Rubia peregrina	Coastal cliffs, hedgerows. Very few records away from coast.
Elder	Sambucus nigra	Hedges, woodland, etc. Widespread except on some high moorland where there are no hedgerows. Flowers and fruit are collected by wine makers also for elderflower cordial.
Cut-leaved Elder	Sambucus nigra var laciniata	Recorded near Bratton, 1996.
Dwarf Elder	Sambucus ebulus	nly recorded in 5 locations in recent years. "Probably only spreading by suckers in Somerset - Green. Hedgebanks, verges.
Guelder-rose	Viburnum opulus	Hedgerows. Included in some recent plantings.
Wayfaring-tree	Viburnum lantana	Hedges, favours calcareous soils and may only be an introduction in our area. (Native around Blue Anchor cliffs)
Laurustinus	Viburnum tinus	Road verges, scrubby areas, hedges. Seems to increase in quantity when introduced on verges e.g. Big Firs, Dunster.
Snowberry	Symphoricarpos albus	Hedges, scrubby woodland. Naturalised in places.
Pink Snowberry	Symphoricarpos microphyllus x orbicularis (S. x chenaultii)	Garden escapes.
Himalayan Honeysuckle	Leycesteria formosa	Naturalised in woods around Minehead. Occasionally grown as food for pheasants. Mainly in coastal woodlands.
Box-leaved Honeysuckle	Lonicera pileata	Hedges
Wilson's Honeysuckle	Lonicera nitida	Hedges, waste areas,
Fly Honeysuckle	Lonicera xylosteum	Woodland.
Japanese Honeysuckle	Lonicera japonica	Hedges, waste ground, near habitation. Garden origin.
Honeysuckle	Lonicera periclymenum	Woodlands, hedgerows, scrubby areas. Important constituant in woodland if Pied Flycatchers are to nest. Not on moorland areas such as The Chains.
Moschatel	Adoxa moschatellina	Woods, bracken slopes and shady hedge banks. An indicator of old woodland. Not on moorland areas such as The Chains.
Common Cornsalad	Valerianella locusta	Dunes, gardens, walls. Much less common than V. carinata
Keeled-fruited Cornsalad	Valerianella carinata	Waste ground, walls, cultivated ground, verges. Sometimes profuse on pavements in Minehead (until sprayed).
Narrow-fruited Cornsalad	Valerianella dentata	Walls, arable fields.
Common Valerian	Valeriana officinalis	Stream and river banks, water meadows, damp grassland, shady hedgerows. More common in southern section.
Pyranean Valerian	Valeriana pyrenaica	Verges, river banks, woodland borders in Dulverton area where it was first recorded in 1883. Sometimes abundant.
Marsh Valerian	Valeriana dioica	Damp meadows, mainly in Dulverton area.
Red Valerian	Centranthus ruber	Walls and verges, rocky banks. Usually near habitation.
Wild Teasel	Dipsacus fullonum	Waste ground, verges. Commonest in Porlock-Minehead area.
Small Teasel	Dipsacus pilosus	Recorded by Norman Haddon from 'roadside banks'. Occurred irregularly in Bossington/Allerford area 1974 to 1985. No other Exmoor sites.
Giant Scabious	Cephalaria gigantea	Stream bank.
Field Scabious	Knautia arvensis	Hedgerows, field borders, verges.
Devil's-bit Scabious	Succisa pratensis	Damp moorland, river banks, damp grassland, churchyards and coastal cliffs. Food plant of Marsh Fritillary. Not on low lying ground.
Carline Thistle	Carlina vulgaris	Mainly near the coast in rocky areas and dry grassland.
Greater Burdock	Arctium lappa	Some dots in Devon Atlas appear to be in Southern Exmoor but no details of records.
Lesser Burdock	Arctium minus	Although both ssp minus and ssp pubens occur, most recorders have plumped for the aggregate. Agricultural and waste ground.
a lesser burdock	Arctium minus ssp. pubens	Agricultural and waste land, verges, etc. Less common thanûssp minus but few recorders differentiate subsp.
Wood Burdock	Arctium minus ssp. nemorosum	Not thought to grow in area, any records should be deleted.
a lesser burdock	Arctium minus ssp. minus	The commonest ssp. Agricultural land, waste places, woodland, verges, etc. Few recorders specify the subsp. so most records are for the aggregate.
Slender Thistle	Carduus tenuiflorus	Sandy areas near the coast.
Welted Thistle	Carduus crispus	Although common in east Somerset it is very scarce in our area. Farmland, verges, coastal grassland, waste places.
Musk Thistle	Carduus nutans	Coastal areas, agricultural land. Not on moorland areas.
Woolly Thistle	Cirsium eriophorum	Only recorded from two sites - one near Selworthy, one near Lynton. Agricultural land. Frequent in east Somerset.
Spear Thistle	Cirsium vulgare	Agricultural and weed of waste places; only absent from areas on The Chains.
Meadow Thistle	Cirsium dissectum	Very rare on Exmoor. Recorded 1970 at Pinkery & Dulverton 1969. A few Devon records. Rough, damp grassland.
a thistle	Cirsium dissectum x palustre (C. x forsteri)	Recorded just outside Exmoor area at Upton. Rough grassland.
Dwarf Thistle	Cirsium acaule	Very rare in Exmoor area; prefers calcareous soils; a 1967 record from Nr Dulverton and one or two later reports. Not recorded by Greens in Atlas. Dry grassland.
Marsh Thistle	Cirsium palustre	Damp areas of grassland, verges, moorland boggy areas, probably present in every tetrad.
a thistle	Cirsium arvense x palustre (C. x celakovskianum)	A rare hybrid.
Creeping Thistle	Cirsium arvense	Dry fields, verges, waste ground and sandy areas. Good food plant for butterflies. Not recorded from parts of the Chains area.
Cotton Thistle	Onopordum acanthium	Waste and cultivated ground.
Milk Thistle	Silybum marianum	Farmland, hedgerows.
Saw-wort	Serratula tinctoria	Woodland, rough ground.
Greater Knapweed	Centaurea scabiosa	A handful of records from the 70's and 80's, nothing recent. Does not occur on acid soils.
Perennial Cornflower	Centaurea montana	Garden origin. Verges or dumping areas.
Cornflower	Centaurea cyanus	Once a cornfield weed although it was noted rare as such by Murray (1896). Now only a casual escape from cultivation on verges, etc.
Yellow Star-thistle	Centaurea solstitialis	Only once recorded from Blue Anchor, possibly from bird seed.
Common Knapweed	Centaurea nigra	There is a rayed variety formerly recognised as a separateûsubsp. nemoralis. Both sorts occur on verges, field borders, grassland.
a common knapweed	Centaurea nigra ssp. nigra	Now included in C. nigra L.
Chicory	Cichorium intybus	Verges, waste ground. Garden escapes, in some years more frequent than others.
Nipplewort	Lapsana communis	Hedgerows, waste ground, etc. Only scarce in moorland areas such as The Chains.
Cat's-ear	Hypochaeris radicata	Very common in all sorts of grassland including moors.
Smooth Cat's-ear	Hypochaeris glabra	Recorded from Minehead Warren in 1896 and 1956 then not again until C.Giddens found it at Dunster Beach on 6.6.84 when there were 20 or so plants. Some years there are more.
Autumnal Hawkbit	Leontodon autumnalis	Hedgerows, verges, grassland, etc.
Rough Hawkbit	Leontodon hispidus	Hedgebanks, verges, churchyards, etc. Absent from higher moorland.
Lesser Hawkbit	Leontodon saxatilis	Grassland, lawns, verges, churchyards.
Bristly Oxtongue	Picris echioides	Waste ground, verges, agricultural land. Mainly in Minehead to Porlock area, not on the moors.
Hawkweed Oxtongue	Picris hieracioides	Scarce in our area as it prefers calcareous soils.
Goat's-beard	Tragopogon pratensis ssp. minor	Waste ground, verges, gardens, mainly in Minehead area.
Salsify	Tragopogon porrifolius	Waste ground, verges. Garden origin.
Perennial Sow-thistle	Sonchus arvensis	Verges, rough ground. Widespread.
Smooth Sow-thistle	Sonchus oleraceus	Verges, waste ground, fields, gardens, Not on higher moorland.
Prickly Sow-thistle	Sonchus asper	Verges, cultivated ground, rough ground, etc. Not in moorland areas such as The Chains.
Prickly Lettuce	Lactuca serriola	First Somerset record Taunton 1934. Found at Watchet Docks in early 1970s by C. Giddens and at Minehead industrial estate in 1977. Has spread in Minehead area in recent years.
Greater Lettuce	Lactuca virosa	Waste areas. Minehead Industrial Estate. First recorded there 1993.
Blue Lettuce	Lactuca tatarica	Occurred on a wall in King George Rd. Minehead and in Butlins Free Car Park in Minehead in 1980. det. E.J. Clement who said it had appeared in Bristol in 1979 otherwise only known at Llandudno. It persisted until 1988 in Minehead.
Common Blue-sow-thistle	Cicerbita macrophylla	Garden origin. On stone banks, Rockford/Lynton area, Devon.
Wall Lettuce	Mycelis muralis	Walls, hedgebanks. Not on central moorland areas.
Dandelion	Taraxacum officinale agg.	Recorded from all but 4 tetrads in a variety of habitats. A number of microspecies have also been recorded from Exmoor but few botanists are able to differentiate.
Lesser Dandelion	Taraxacum laevigatum agg.	Near the coast.
a dandelion	Taraxacum palustre agg.	Wet moorland.
a dandelion	Taraxacum brachyglossum	Recorded from Minehead Golf Links 1978
a dandelion	Taraxacum disseminatum	Recorded from Dunster 1978
a dandelion	Taraxacum oxoniense	Recorded from Dunster Beach 1970/80s
a dandelion	Taraxacum faeroense	Recorded from a couple of sites on Exmoor.
a dandelion	Taraxacum bracteatum	Recorded from Tivington 1986
a dandelion	Taraxacum nordstedtii	Recorded from a couple of Exmoor sites.
a dandelion	Taraxacum boekmanii	Recorded from Exmoor
a dandelion	Taraxacum dahlstedtii	Recorded from Dunster pre 1987
a dandelion	Taraxacum oblongatum	Recorded from Minehead area 1986
a dandelion	Taraxacum pannulatum	Recorded from Dunster 1978
Broad-leaved Marsh Dandelion	Taraxacum spectabile agg.	Damp moorland.
Smooth Hawk's-beard	Crepis capillaris	Hedges, grassland, verges, etc. Only absent from some of theûhigh moorland.
Beaked Hawk's-beard	Crepis vesicaria	All records are subsp taraxacifolia. Waste ground, verges, cultivated ground, walls, etc. First Somerset Record 1883; First Devon Record 1873 (Plymouth). Now widespread. Not on moorland such as The Chains.
Shaggy Mouse-ear-hawkweed	Pilosella peleteriana	Two unconfirmed records, one Devon, one Somerset.
Mouse-ear-hawkweed	Pilosella officinarum	In short turf on moorland, banks, lawns, and walls.
Tall Mouse-ear-hawkweed	Pilosella praealta	Garden weed in Minehead 1979-84 and again in 1997. The latterûis entered under P. praealta subsp. praealta.
Fox and cubs	Pilosella aurantiaca ssp. carpathicola	Garden origin sometimes found on walls in villages and in churchyards and lawns.
Hawkweed	Hieracium sp.	Most hawkweed records are for the agg. as they are a very difficult group to identify.
a hawkweed	Hieracium sabaudum	Woodland borders and banks.
a hawkweed	Hieracium umbellatum ssp. umbellatum	Believed to occur.
a hawkweed	Hieracium umbellatum ssp. bichlorophyllum	Banks and woodland borders.
a hawkweed	Hieracium trichocaulon	Grassy roadsides.
a hawkweed	Hieracium lepidulum	Noted from Lynton in Devon Atlas.
a hawkweed	Hieracium cheriense	One record, East Water & noted from Lynton in Devon Atlas.
a hawkweed	Hieracium acuminatum	Rocks, banks and walls. A small number of reports. Devon Atlas states reported from Lynton and SE slopes of Exmoor particularly around E. Anstey.
a hawkweed	Hieracium diaphanum	Recorded from Lynton area in Devon Atlas. There is also a record dated 1918 from Somerset (Simonsbath area).
Spotted Hawkweed	Hieracium maculatum	Withycombe Churchyard, 1993.
a hawkweed	Hieracium grandidens	Churchyards, verges, banks. A few records from Exmoor border and from Twitchen.
a hawkweed	Hieracium schmidtii	Noted in Devon Atlas from nr Lynton.
a hawkweed	Hieracium subplanifolium	Noted from Lynton in Devon Atlas.
a hawkweed	Hieracium eustomon	Sea cliffs.
Common Cudweed	Filago vulgaris	Dry, gravelly places, quarries. The common cudweed on Exmoor is Gnaphalium uliginosum.
Small Cudweed	Filago minima	Recorded near Luxborough in 1935 but not seen in Exmoor area since. Was thought to be extinct in Somerset until surveys for the Atlas Flora found it in mid and south Somerset.
Pearly Everlasting	Anaphalis margaritacea	Garden origin.
Heath Cudweed	Gnaphalium sylvaticum	Extinct. Recorded by N.G. Hadden 'Hilly pastures' probably around 1940 and by D.Williams 1927. Is also extinct in Somerset and only in very small quantity in Devon.
Marsh Cudweed	Gnaphalium uliginosum	Rutted tracks, field gateways, damp agricultural areas. Widespread.
Elecampane	Inula helenium	Garden origin.
Ploughman's-spikenard	Inula conyzae	Mostly on calcareous soils near the coast. Dry grassland and banks.
Common Fleabane	Pulicaria dysenterica	Damp meadows, verges, marshland, ditches. Not on moorland. Sometimes locally abundant.
Goldenrod	Solidago virgaurea	Woodland borders, shady banks and sea cliffs. Prefers acid soils.
Canadian Goldenrod	Solidago canadensis	Garden origin. Banks and waste ground.
Early Goldenrod	Solidago gigantea	Recorded from nr Dulverton. Garden origin.
a michaelmas-daisy	Aster sp.	Waste ground, banks, etc. Garden origin. Species are very difficult to determine.
Confused Michaelmas-daisy	Aster novi-belgii	At one time Michaelmas daisy records were lumped under this species or agg. but it has not in fact been confirmed from Exmoor area. A. x salignus occurs around Minehead.
Common Michaelmas-daisy	Aster lanceolatus x novi-belgii (A. x salignus)	Due to difficulties in identification, most Michaelmas daisy records were lumped as A. novi-belgii or agg. A. x salignus has been confirmed from Minehead railway and industrial estate but it is probably under-recorded elsewhere.
Sea Aster	Aster tripolium	Brackish mud, saltmarshes. Has increased on Porlock Marsh since shingle ridge was breached.
Seaside Daisy	Erigeron glaucus	Garden origin around Minehead & Dunster Beach. Also at Combe Martin. Walls, pavements, and sandy places.
Mexican Fleabane	Erigeron karvinskianus	Plentiful on walls and banks around Minehead and some villages
Blue Fleabane	Erigeron acer	A record dated 5.7.71 from C.A.Howe, Luxborough.
Canadian Fleabane	Conyza canadensis	Waste ground, verges, walls.
Guernsey Fleabane	Conyza sumatrensis	Waste ground. First recorded in England at Yeovil 1978. Is increasing in Somerset. Our first record was at Minehead in 1994.
Argentine Fleabane	Conyza bonariensis	A record from Minehead rubbish tip 1960-62. (JIR) (Now included under C. sumatrensis)
New Zealand Holly	Olearia macrodonta	Garden origin.
Daisy	Bellis perennis	Usually in grassland. Probably occurs in every tetrad but is scarce in some of the moorland areas.
Feverfew	Tanacetum parthenium	Walls, waste ground, hedge banks, etc., usually around villages.
Tansy	Tanacetum vulgare	Hedge banks and waste ground. Usually near habitation where it is a garden escape, but some places it may be native.
Sea Wormwood	Seriphidium maritimum	Recorded from Porlock Weir in 1979 but not seen since. Occurs at Barnstaple in the west and Lilstock in the east.
Mugwort	Artemisia vulgaris	Waste ground, verges, hedge banks, etc. Frequent around habitation, not on central moorland.
Wormwood	Artemisia absinthium	Dry banks, field margins, etc. Has greatly declined in recent years. Thought to be native near the coast atûBossington.
Slender Mugwort	Artemisia biennis	Bird seed alien at Exford, 1989.
Sneezewort	Achillea ptarmica	Damp grassland, river banks, native. The double form 'flore pleno' occurs as a garden escape.
Yarrow	Achillea millefolium	In grassy and waste areas and agrucultural land. Throughout.
Chamomile	Chamaemelum nobile	In short turfy grass. Best site is opposite Cloud Farm inûDevon. Someone regularly gathers it here.
Corn Chamomile	Anthemis arvensis	Once a cornfield weed but now only a rare casual. Was recorded near Withycombe in 1990.
Stinking Chamomile	Anthemis cotula	Arable land.
Corn Marigold	Chrysanthemum segetum	Arable land. In some years has been abundant near Allerford.
Oxeye Daisy	Leucanthemum vulgare	Widespread, but not on central moorlands. Fields, hedgerows, churchyards, verges.
Shasta Daisy	Leucanthemum x superbum (L. lacustre x maximum)	Verges, waste ground. Garden origin.
Scented Mayweed	Matricaria recutita	Cultivated land, verges.
Pineapple Weed	Matricaria discoidea	Tracks, farm gateways, cultivated ground.
Sea Mayweed	Tripleurospermum maritimum sens.str.	Sandy areas near the coast. Some of the inland records may be T. inodorum
Scentless Mayweed	Tripleurospermum inodorum	Cultivated ground, waste ground.
Silver Ragwort	Senecio cineraria	An occasional garden escape but it is naturalised on sea cliffs at Glenthorne both into Devon and as far as Worthy in Somerset.
a ragwort	Senecio cineraria x jacobaea (S. x albescens)	Waste ground.
Broad-leaved Ragwort	Senecio fluviatilis	River bank at Brushford on Exmoor boundary.
Common Ragwort	Senecio jacobaea	Waste ground, agricultural land, verges etc.
a ragwort	Senecio aquaticus x jacobaea (S. x ostenfeldii)	Last recorded in the Barle Valley below Tarr Steps, 1918.
Marsh Ragwort	Senecio aquaticus	River banks, damp meadows, marshy land.
Hoary Ragwort	Senecio erucifolius	Although common throughout most of Somerset this is very rare in study area as it only occurs on calcareous soils.
Oxford Ragwort	Senecio squalidus	Walls, waste ground, etc. Mostly near habitation. Common in Minehead area. First Somerset record, Taunton 1820; first Devon record 1835 Bideford. Spread along railways.
Groundsel	Senecio vulgaris	Arable and waste land, verges, etc. Not on remote moorland.f. radicata very rare.
Heath Groundsel	Senecio sylvaticus	Frequent on coastal heaths and dry verges; not on the boggy areas of moorland.
Sticky Groundsel	Senecio viscosus	Waste ground.
Shrub Ragwort	Brachyglottis 'Sunshine' (B. compacta x laxifolia)	Hedges, waste areas. Garden origin.
Leopard's-bane	Doronicum pardalianches	Verges, waste ground, hedge banks. Garden origin. Naturalised in some areas.
Willdenow's Leopard's-bane	Doronicum pardalianches x plantagineum (D. x willdenowii)	Garden origin.
Harpur-Crewe's Leopard's-bane	Doronicum x excelsum (D. columnae x pardalianches x plantagineum)	From dumped garden material.
Plantain-leaved Leopard's-bane	Doronicum plantagineum	Garden origin.
Colt's-foot	Tussilago farfara	Waysides, waste ground, tracks, etc. Widespread.
Butterbur	Petasites hybridus	Stream and river banks, verges, damp meadows. Not on moorland.
Giant Butterbur	Petasites japonicus	River banks, garden origin.
Winter Heliotrope	Petasites fragrans	Hedgebanks, verges, waste ground. An increasing weed which spreads and forms ugly blots among native species. Only cut down by frost in severe winters.
pot Marigold	Calendula officinalis	Walls, waysides, tips, verges. Garden origin.
Ragweed	Ambrosia artemisiifolia	A bird-seed alien. First recorded in Exmoor area in 1999 when there were 3 reports.
Sunflower	Helianthus annuus	Waste ground, tips. Bird-seed or garden origin.
Shaggy Soldier	Galinsoga quadriradiata	Garden weed for several years at Dunster.
Trifid Bur-marigold	Bidens tripartita	Ditches on marsh land but decreased in quantity due to drainage and building at Minehead and inundation by sea at Porlock Marsh.
African Marigold	Tagetes erecta	Garden origin.
Hemp-agrimony	Eupatorium cannabinum	Hedges, stream banks, verges. Widespread but not on higher moorland.
Flowering Rush	Butomus umbellatus	A record of two on Minehead Warren in 1966 by R.B. Gibbons but not seen since.
Water-plantain	Alisma plantago-aquatica	In slow moving water, ditches and ponds. Formerly at Minehead and Porlock Marsh but now probably gone.
Canadian Waterweed	Elodea canadensis	Ponds & ditches
Nuttall's Water-weed	Elodea nuttallii	Ponds, ditches, etc. Gradually increasing in Somerset where it was first recorded in 1976.
Curly Waterweed	Lagarosiphon major	Ponds, etc
Cape Pondweed	Aponogeton distachyos	River.
Marsh Arrowgrass	Triglochin palustre	Marshy fields or damp moorland.
Sea Arrowgrass	Triglochin maritimum	Coastal mud, saltmarsh.
Broad-leaved Pondweed	Potamogeton natans	Ponds and rivers.
Bog Pondweed	Potamogeton polygonifolius	Moorland boggy areas and streams.
Lesser Pondweed	Potamogeton pusillus	Recorded from Alcombe Marshes but ditch now filled in and R. Avill. There may have been some confusion with P. berchtoldii in the past.
Small Pondweed	Potamogeton berchtoldii	Rhines, ditches, reservoirs , ponds and rivers. Some recordsûmay be confused with P. pusillus.
Curled Pondweed	Potamogeton crispus	Ponds and rhynes. Formerly on Alcombe Marsh but may have gone as major rhyne was filled in.
Fennel Pondweed	Potamogeton pectinatus	Farm ponds, rhynes.
Beaked Tasselweed	Ruppia maritima	Recorded by N.G. Hadden from Porlock Marsh but no longer there. Occurs in East Somerset VC6 where it is rare.
Horned Pondweed	Zannichellia palustris	Ditches on marshland, rivers.
American Skunk-cabbage	Lysichiton americanus	Stream banks. Garden origin.
Lords-and-ladies	Arum maculatum	Hedgerows, woods, gardens, etc. Not on higher moorlandûareas.
an arum	Arum italicum ssp. neglectum	Shingle at edge of field. Native. Rare.
Italian Lords-and-ladies	Arum italicum ssp. italicum	Garden origin. Well naturalised on Porlock Toll Road but seldom flowers. Woodland.
Hybrid Cuckoo Pint	Arum italicum x maculatum	Woodland edge. Rare.
Greater Duckweed	Spirodela polyrhiza	Formerly frequent on Minehead Marshes but much lost due to drainage and building. Rhines and ponds.
Fat Duckweed	Lemna gibba	Formerly on Minehead, Porlock and Dunster Marshes but suitable areas reduced through drainage, building, and inundation by sea.
Common Duckweed	Lemna minor	Ditches, ponds, slow moving waters, moorland bogs and cattle troughs. Widespread.
Ivy-leaved Duckweed	Lemna trisulca	Formerly profuse in a ditch on Alcombe Marsh but probably now gone through pollution from trading estate.
Least Duckweed	Lemna minuta	First recorded in Somerset in 1989 and on Minehead Marshes in 1994. Is increasing in Somerset.
a branched bur-reed	Sparganium erectum ssp. microcarpum	Recorded from R. Barle, Simonsbath in 1918.
Branched bur-reed	Sparganium erectum ssp. neglectum	In ponds and ditches.
Unbranched Bur-reed	Sparganium emersum	By ponds or reservoirs.
Least Bur-reed	Sparganium natans	Pinkery pond, 1993
Bulrush	Typha latifolia	Ponds, ditches, riversides.
Bog Asphodel	Narthecium ossifragum	Boggy moorland areas. Sometimes forming extensive patches.
Orange Day-lily	Hemerocallis fulva	Garden throw-outs.
Yellow Day-lily	Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus	Garden throw-outs.
Meadow Saffron	Colchicum autumnale	No records from Exmoor area. One clump occurred nr boundary as garden throw-outs in lane nr Old Cleeve 1987.3 flowers 1 was picked. Occurs on Quantocks.
Garden Tulip	Tulipa gesneriana	Garden origin.
Fritillary	Fritillaria meleagris	A very rare introduction, sometimes persisting in old grassland.
Pyrenean Lily	Lilium pyrenaicum	Hedge banks, verges, sometimes near naturalised in Somerset but classic site is in Devon where it is known as the MOLLAND LILY. It is well established in hedgebanks around Molland and first recorded in 1853.
Lily of the Valley	Convallaria majalis	Garden throw-outs which sometimes become established. It has the appearance of being native in woodland near Heasley Mill and may possibly be so.
Solomon's-seal	Polygonatum multiflorum	The wild species occurs on a small area of the R. Exe within Exmoor.
Garden Solomon's Seal	Polygonatum multiflorum x odoratum (P. x hybridum)	Garden escapes. Damp areas. Sometimes persists for several years.
Angular Solomon's-seal	Polygonatum odoratum	Recorded in error. Should be deleted.
False Lily-of-the-valley	Maianthemum kamtschaticum	Long established in a wood at West Porlock. Often mis-takenly taken to be May Lily (M. bifolium).
Star-of-Bethlehem	Ornithogalum angustifolium	Exmoor records are probably originally introduced. Verges, fields, hedgebanks.
Alpine Squill	Scilla bifolia	Plants originally thought to be this species were re-identified as S. bithynica.
Spring Squill	Scilla verna	Not on Exmoor. Similar plants are of garden origin.
Pyranean Squill	Scilla lilio-hyacinthus	Naturalised in Hadden's old botanic garden at West Porlock.
Portugese Squill	Scilla peruviana	Single plant on road verge, Porlock Weir 1993.
a squill	Scilla bithynica	Garden escapes usually in grassy places under trees.
Bluebell	Hyacinthoides non-scripta	In woodlands, under bracken and hedgebanks.
a bluebell	Hyacinthoides hispanica x non-scripta	The common garden escape in Exmoor area. Often wrongly recorded as H. hispanica which is rare.
Spanish Bluebell	Hyacinthoides hispanica	It is a very rare garden escape with only one or two confirmed Exmoor records.
Hyacinth	Hyacinthus orientalis	Garden throw-outs.
Glory-of-the-snow	Chionodoxa forbesii	Garden origin.
Garden Grape-hyacinth	Muscari armeniacum	Garden origin. Waste ground, tips, verges etc.
Chives	Allium schoenoprasum	Disused quarry near Simonsbath. Garden throw-out.
Rosy Garlic	Allium roseum	Garden origin. In a few hedgebanks and rough ground.
Three-cornered Garlic	Allium triquetrum	An invasive weed in Porlock and Minehead area. Garden origin.
Ramsons	Allium ursinum	Woodland and hedgerows and stream banks. Often dominant.
Field Garlic	Allium oleraceum	Although found in two places near Exmoor boundary we have no records from study area.
Keeled Garlic	Allium carinatum	Grassland. Porlock Marsh. V. small amount being overcome with brambles and has probably succumbed to salt water inundation.
Wild Leek	Allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum	Extinct casual Minehead Warren 1905. Marshall.
Babington's Leek	Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii	Noted Porlock Marsh 1951 Miss C.M. Medwin. Recorded ENHS 1977. Flourished well after being fenced off from cattle grazing. Still there in 1999 but whether it will survive increased flooding by sea-water remains to be seen.
Wild Onion	Allium vineale	Verges, waste places, garden weed. Usually var. compactum.
a wild onion	Allium vineale var compactum	This is the usual variety but see under A. vineale L.
Honey Garlic	Nectaroscordum siculum	A few sites nr Porlock Weir and Bossington. Plentiful at one time on bank of Horner Water near estuary under trees.
Spring Starflower	Tristagma uniflorum	Garden origin.
Summer snowflake	Leucojum aestivum ssp. pulchellum	Garden origin only.
Snowdrop	Galanthus nivalis	Well naturalised in Avill Valley N. Hawkwell Wood and other woodlands. Also hedgebanks and stream banks. Other hedgerows garden escapes. Flore pleno also occurs.
a snowdrop	Galanthus nivalis x plicatus	Recorded nr Luckwell Bridge
Caucasian Snowdrop	Galanthus caucasicus	In woodland above West Porlock. N. Haddens old botanic garden.
Bunch-flowered Daffodil	Narcissus tazetta	Garden origin. Scrubby area.
Pheasant's Eye	Narcissus poeticus ssp. poeticus	Scrubby area. Garden origin.
Wild Daffodil	Narcissus pseudonarcissus ssp. pseudonarcissus	Woods, hedgerows, orchards and old meadows. Particularly good in woods at Sully.
Spanish Daffodil	Narcissus pseudonarcissus ssp. major	Garden daffodil. Frequently found as an escape or deliberately introduced (too often)
Garden Asparagus	Asparagus officinalis ssp. officinalis	An occasional garden escape, usually near the coast.
Butcher's-broom	Ruscus aculeatus	Garden origin but naturalised and known in a hedgerow on Croydon Hill for nearly a hundred years.
Blue-eyed-grass	Sisyrinchium bermudiana	Record for this on Dunkery 1959 & 1983 should be re-named S. montanum.
American Blue-eyed-grass	Sisyrinchium montanum	Garden origin. Noted by roadside Dunkery Hill in 1959 and 1983. Wrongly named S. bermudiana L. in Flora & Fauna.
Pale Yellow-eyed-grass	Sisyrinchium striatum	Garden origin. By WS Railway.
Snake's-head Iris	Hermodactylus tuberosus	Colony on Exmoor boundary between Stogumber and Vellow 1914, refound 1993. Man seen digging many up just afterwards.
Bearded Iris	Iris germanica	Garden throw-outs. Tips, verges, etc.
Yellow Iris	Iris pseudacorus	Ditches, ponds, river banks, marshy woodland, etc.
Stinking Iris	Iris foetidissima	Frequent between Porlock and Dunster Beach on calcareous soils. Uncommon elsewhere in our area. Hedgerows, sandy areas, woodlands, etc.
Spanish Iris	Iris xiphium	Garden origin.
Spring Crocus	Crocus vernus	Verges, churchyards.
Early Crocus	Crocus tommasinianus	Verges, churchyards. Garden origin.
Eastern gladiolus	Gladiolus communis ssp. byzantinus	Garden origin. Waste ground, verges, etc.
Aunt-Eliza	Crocosmia paniculata	Garden origin.
Pott's Monbretia	Crocosmia pottsii	Garden origin. Uncommon.
Montbretia	Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (C. aurea x pottsii)	River banks, verges, waste ground. Well naturalised on banks of R. Barle (where it was first found in 1916 at Simonsbath).
Cabbage-palm	Cordyline australis	A self-sown plant flowered in a Minehed garden 1995.
Black Bryony	Tamus communis	Hedgerows and woodland borders in areas surrounding the moorland.
ORCHIDS
Broad-leaved Helleborine	Epipactis helleborine	Woodlands, hedgebanks, in Brendon Hill and eastern side of our area only.
Bird's-nest Orchid	Neottia nidus-avis	Woods with beech. Eastern side of Exmoor area only.
Common Twayblade	Listera ovata	Scattered across Exmoor area. Open woodlands, grassland.
Lesser Twayblade	Listera cordata	xmoor is the only site for this in either Devon or Somerset. Usually on N. facing slopes under heather or whortleberry, amongst Sphagnum. First noted in Somerset on Dunkery in 1849. Recorded on Brendon Common, Devon, in 1938 "scattered over half a mile.
Autumn Lady's-tresses	Spiranthes spiralis	Dry grassland and lawns between Porlock and the Brendon Hills. May be abundant if lawns left uncut - over 200 on a lawn in Alcombe in 1989.
Greater Butterfly-orchid	Platanthera chlorantha	Woodlands mainly in Barle Valley but small numbers only.
Lesser Butterfly-orchid	Platanthera bifolia	One record from a farm nr Challacombe.
Pyramidal Orchid	Anacamptis pyramidalis	A couple of records only. Very rare in our area although frequent between Blue Anchor and Watchet.
Fragrant Orchid	Gymnadenia conopsea	ecorded by N.G. Hadden as "Uncommon on Exmoor and by W. Dicker at Winsford in 1913 but there are no recent records although the plant occurs at Watchet.
Common Spotted-orchid	Dactylorhiza fuchsii	Not common on Exmoor although there are a few scattered records from grassland, verges and woods where the soil is basic.
a marsh-orchid	Dactylorhiza fuchsii x praetermissa (D. x grandis)	This may occur but seems unlikely due to scarcity of D. fuchsii in the area. Was included in Flora & Fauna (1996) but no details.
Heath Spotted-orchid	Dactylorhiza maculata ssp. ericetorum	Common on damp moorland, sometimes in thousands.
a marsh-orchid	Dactylorhiza maculata x praetermissa (D. x hallii)	Boggy moorland areas where both parents are found.
Early Marsh-orchid	Dactylorhiza incarnata	This species may occur in the Devon section of Exmoor but we have no confirmed records due to possible confusion with D. praeter-missa which is fairly common.
Southern Marsh-orchid	Dactylorhiza praetermissa	Verges, damp meadows, boggy moorland combes and quarries. In good numbers in one or two areas where it is a wonderful sight.
Early-purple Orchid	Orchis mascula	Hedgebanks, woodland, verges, particularly in Minehead - Porlock area.
Green-winged Orchid	Orchis morio	Old grassland. Only a couple of records and Porlock Marsh site lost due to inundation by sea.
Bee Orchid	Ophrys apifera	No recent records. Recorded on Porlock Marsh by N.G. Hadden c1920 and at Fair Cross 1973. Occurs off of Exmoor near Watchet.
RUSHES AND SEDGES
Heath Rush	Juncus squarrosus	On moorland.
Slender Rush	Juncus tenuis	Woodland tracks, verges.
Round-fruited Rush	Juncus compressus	One record from Devon Exmoor only.
Saltmarsh Rush	Juncus gerardii	Near the coast
Leafy Rush	Juncus foliosus	Muddy tracks, etc. Early records not separated from J. bufonius and it was under recorded until the work on the Somerset Atlas Flora in the 1990s.
Toad Rush	Juncus bufonius sens.str.	Lumped together with J. foliosus until 1990s but bufonius is much the commoner. Widespread on boggy moorland, tracks, verges, etc.
Blunt-flowered Rush	Juncus subnodulosus	Boggy moorland in Devon Exmoor.
Jointed Rush	Juncus articulatus	Boggy moorland, pond margins.
a rush	Juncus acutiflorus x articulatus (J. x surrejanus)	Stream banks, boggy areas, reservoirs.
Sharp-flowered Rush	Juncus acutiflorus	On the higher moorland boggy areas.
Bulbous Rush	Juncus bulbosus	Muddy tracks, boggy moorland.
Hard Rush	Juncus inflexus	Damp fields and marshes avoiding acid soils so absent fromûmuch of Exmoor.
a rush	Juncus effusus x inflexus (J. x diffusus)	Rare hybrid.
Soft Rush	Juncus effusus	Probably present in every tetrad. Boggy moorland, fields, marshes, verges, woodland tracks. Often recolonises reclaimed moorland fields. On Exmoor the inflorescence is often compact (var. subglomeratus DC) resembling Juncus conglomeratus.
Compact Rush	Juncus conglomeratus	Common on the higher moorland.
Southern Wood-rush	Luzula forsteri	Hedgebanks on the Brendon Hills and one site in Devon.
Hairy Wood-rush	Luzula pilosa	Woods and shady banks.
Great Wood-rush	Luzula sylvatica	Woods, hedgebanks and combes. Sometimes abundant and dominant.
Snow-white Wood-rush	Luzula nivea	Garden origin.
White Wood-rush	Luzula luzuloides	A specimen of L. nivea self sown from a garden at W. Porlock was originally named as this species.
Field Wood-rush	Luzula campestris	Grassland, banks, lawns, churchyards. Widespread.
Heath Wood-rush	Luzula multiflora ssp. multiflora	Has been recorded but more work needed on distribution. Moorland areas.
a heath wood-rush	Luzula multiflora ssp. congesta	Has been recorded but more work needed on distribution. Moorland areas.
Common Cottongrass	Eriophorum angustifolium	On boggy moorland, sometimes abundant.
Broad-leaved Cottongrass	Eriophorum latifolium	An unconfirmed report from boggy field on a Devon farm.
Hare's-tail Cottongrass	Eriophorum vaginatum	On boggy moorland, sometimes abundant but slightly less amount than E. angustifolium
Deergrass	Trichophorum cespitosum	Damp moorland, sometimes covering large areas in western Exmoor.
Common Spike-rush	Eleocharis palustris	Wet meadows, boggy moorland and marshes, ponds.
Slender Spike-rush	Eleocharis uniglumis	Rare.
Many-stalked Spike-rush	Eleocharis multicaulis	Boggy moorland.
Few-flowered Spike-rush	Eleocharis quinqueflora	Only recorded from boggy areas in a couple of Exmoor combes.
Sea Club-rush	Bolboschoenus maritimus	Saltmarsh and ditches at Minehead Marsh and Porlock.
Wood Club-rush	Scirpus sylvaticus	Only found in one marshy field at Brushford, just over Exmoor Boundary.
Common Club-rush	Schoenoplectus lacustris	Records now seem rather doubtful!
Grey Club-rush	Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani	In reduced quantity in ditches on Minehead and Porlock marshes.
Bristle Club-rush	Isolepis setacea	Damp areas of moorland.
Slender Club-rush	Isolepis cernua	Damp areas by tracks.
Floating Club-rush	Eleogiton fluitans	On ponds or by streams etc. Refound on Exmoor since Roe's Flora. Possibly carried by water fowl.
Pale Galingale	Cyperus eragrostis	Garden weed in several places around Minehead. Origin unknown.
White Beak-sedge	Rhynchospora alba	A few dots in the Devon Atlas appear to be on Exmoor but weûhave no details. The plant is very rare and has declined in Somerset.
Greater Tussock-sedge	Carex paniculata	Scattered on wet moorland.
False Fox-sedge	Carex otrubae	Mainly on low lying marshes.
Spiked Sedge	Carex spicata	In grassy places.
Prickly Sedge	Carex muricata ssp. lamprocarpa	Dry grassy banks.
Grey Sedge	Carex divulsa ssp. divulsa	Frequent, particularly in the northern part of our area. Verges etc.
Leers' Sedge	Carex divulsa ssp. leersii	Scarce.
Sand Sedge	Carex arenaria	Sandy areas Minehead - Dunster Beach.
Brown Sedge	Carex disticha	Ponds on Brendon Hills.
Remote Sedge	Carex remota	In woodlands which surround the moor.
Oval Sedge	Carex ovalis	On acid moorland
Star Sedge	Carex echinata	On boggy moorland.
Hairy Sedge	Carex hirta	In Exmoor combes, river valleys and some dry situations.
Lesser Pond-sedge	Carex acutiformis	Three records but they have not been confirmed.
Bottle Sedge	Carex rostrata	Boggy areas, damp fields and ditches on the moors.
Bladder-sedge	Carex vesicaria
Pendulus Sedge	Carex pendula	Woods, verges, stream banks. Also a garden escape or throw-out. It can be rather invasive.
Wood-sedge	Carex sylvatica	Woodlands only.
Glaucous Sedge	Carex flacca	Grassy areas, banks. Not on acid soils.
Carnation Sedge	Carex panicea	Boggy moorland areas.
Smooth-stalked Sedge	Carex laevigata	Boggy moorland. Possibly under recorded.
a sedge	Carex binervis x laevigata (C. x deserta)	Very rare hybrid.
Green-ribbed Sedge	Carex binervis	Boggy moorland.
Long-bracted Sedge	Carex extensa	Included in one tetrad in the Devon Atlas but no details available.
Tawny Sedge	Carex hostiana	Boggy moorland. Possibly under recorded.
a sedge	Carex hostiana x viridula (C. x fulva)	Recorded at Upton, Exmoor borders.
Common Yellow Sedge	Carex viridula ssp. oedocarpa	Boggy moorland areas.
Small-fruited Yellow Sedge	Carex viridula ssp. viridula	Damp areas. A few records from Devon only.
Pale Sedge	Carex pallescens	Damp grassland, river valleys.
Spring Sedge	Carex caryophyllea	Frequent on grassy moorland banks and slopes.
Pill Sedge	Carex pilulifera	Moor and heath.
Common Sedge	Carex nigra	Boggy moorland areas.
Flea Sedge	Carex pulicaris	Boggy moorland areas.
Dwarf Bamboo	Pleioblastus pygmaeus	Marshy area near habitation.
GRASSES
Broad-leaved Bamboo	Sasa palmata	Garden origin.
Arrow Bamboo	Pseudosasa japonica	Garden origin.
Mat-grass	Nardus stricta	Acid moorland areas.
Wood Millet	Milium effusum	Shady woodland
Meadow Fescue	Festuca pratensis	Fairly frequent in verges, grassland; probably under recorded in Devon section.
Tall Fescue	Festuca arundinacea	Verges, etc. Not on moors.
Giant Fescue	Festuca gigantea	Woods and hedgerows.
Various-leaved Fescue	Festuca heterophylla	Rare.
Red Fescue	Festuca rubra sens.str.	A variable grass with several subspecies difficult to identify. A variety of habitats, usually dry areas.
a red fescue	Festuca rubra ssp. juncea	Coastal cliffs. The blueish leaves make this grass noticeable.
a red fescue	Festuca rubra ssp. litoralis	Coastal. Scarce.
Sheep's Fescue	Festuca ovina ssp. ovina	Common on dry heaths.
Fine-leaved Sheep's-fescue	Festuca filiformis	Needs further study.
Hybrid Fescue	Festuca pratensis x Lolium perenne (x Festulolium loliaceum)	Verges, etc.
a grass	Festuca rubra x Vulpia fasciculata (x Festulpia hubbardii)	Very rare.
Perennial Rye-grass	Lolium perenne	Verges, fields, rough ground, etc. Recorded from most tetrads.
Hybrid Rye-grass	Lolium multiflorum x perenne (L. x boucheanum)	Only one report but could be present in re-seeded fields.
Italian Rye-grass	Lolium multiflorum	Verges etc.
Dune Fescue	Vulpia fasciculata	Sand dunes. Coastal.
Squirrel-tail Fescue	Vulpia bromoides	Walls, grassy banks. Dry places.
Rat's-tail Fescue	Vulpia myuros	Verges, walls, etc.
Purple Fescue	Vulpia ciliata ssp. ambigua	Sand dunes on coast Minehead-Dunster 1970's & 80's but no more recent records.
Crested Dog's-tail	Cynosurus cristatus	Verges, grassland, throughout area.
Common Saltmarsh-grass	Puccinellia maritima	Saltmarshes.
Reflexed Saltmarsh-grass	Puccinellia distans	Saltmarshes.
Quaking-grass	Briza media	Scarce in our area as it avoids acid land.
Greater Quaking Grass	Briza maxima	Garden origin. Verges, pavement cracks, etc. nr habitation.
Annual Meadow-grass	Poa annua	Very common in many habitats throughout area. Has been found on top of Dunkery Beacon at 519 m. our highest point.
Rough Meadow-grass	Poa trivialis	Verges, waste and cultivated land, walls, etc. etc.
Spreading Meadow-grass	Poa humilis	Walls, coastal dunes, rough ground etc. Probably under recorded.
Smooth Meadow-grass	Poa pratensis	Verges, grassland, and various other habitats.
Narrow-leaved Meadow-grass	Poa angustifolia	Verges, walls, etc. probably under recorded.
Flattened Meadow-grass	Poa compressa	Walls, dry grassland.
Wood Meadow-grass	Poa nemoralis	Woods and shady hedge banks. Not on moorland.
Bulbous Meadow-grass	Poa bulbosa	Coastal. Minehead Warren to Dunster Beach. The only sites in VC5.(only one other in Somerset at Berrow).
Cock's-foot	Dactylis glomerata	Various habitats. Throughout.
Fern-grass	Catapodium rigidum	Fairly common on walls and banks about habitations but absent elsewhere.
Sea Fern-grass	Catapodium marinum	Coastal, Porlock Weir to Dunster Beach.
Hard Grass	Parapholis strigosa	Saltmarsh and coastal muddy areas.
Curved Hard Grass	Parapholis incurva	Coastal
Reed Sweet-grass	Glyceria maxima	By rivers.
Floating Sweet-grass	Glyceria fluitans	Ponds, riversides, wet meadows.
Small Sweet-grass	Glyceria declinata	By ponds or streams. The most frequent Sweet-grass in boggy mooorland areas.
Plicate Sweet-grass	Glyceria notata	Damp areas by streams or ponds.
Wood Melick	Melica uniflora	Woods and shady hedge banks.
Downy Oat-grass	Helictotrichon pubescens	Grassland, verges, walls.
False Oat-grass	Arrhenatherum elatius	In a variety of habitats throughout area.
Wild Oat	Avena fatua	Arable land and verges.
Oat	Avena sativa	Verges etc. Relic and escape from cultivation.
Yellow Oat-grass	Trisetum flavescens	Verges, grassland.
Crested Hair-grass	Koeleria macrantha sens. lat.	One site near Old Cleeve (Exmoor border)
Tufted Hair-grass	Deschampsia caespitosa	Common on the moors but not by the coast.
Wavy Hair-grass	Deschampsia flexuosa	Dry banks and moorland.
Yorkshire-fog	Holcus lanatus	Hedges, fields, waste ground, etc.
Creeping Soft-grass	Holcus mollis	Woods and shady banks.
Silver Hair-grass	Aira caryophyllea	Walls, coastal cliffs, rocky areas, heaths. Not in south-west area of Exmoor.
Early Hair-grass	Aira praecox	Dry slopes, walls, banks etc.
Sweet Vernal Grass	Anthoxanthum odoratum	Throughout area in various habitats, incl. verges, gardens, and moorland.
Reed Canary-grass	Phalaris arundinacea	By the larger rivers and streams, sometimes in quantity.
Bulbous Canary-grass	Phalaris aquatica	Beneath some trees on Porlock Marsh in 1995.
Canary-grass	Phalaris canariensis	Waste ground, dumps, verges. Probably from bird seed.
Common Bent	Agrostis capillaris	Common throughout.
Black Bent	Agrostis gigantea	Woods, fields and rough ground.
Creeping Bent	Agrostis stolonifera	Throughout but scarce in some moorland areas.
Bristle Bent	Agrostis curtisii	Dry moorland areas in particular coastal heath. Sometimes dominant and forming golden patches when gone over.
Velvet Bent	Agrostis canina sens.str.	Frequent on acid moorland. There have been various changes in nomenclature in recent years and A. canina L. is now generally regarded as Velvet Bent. Some early records may have been confused with A. vinealis.
Brown Bent	Agrostis vinealis	Probably under recorded due to confusion with A. canina. Dry moorland habitats.
Wood Small-reed	Calamagrostis epigejos	Damp woods or hedge banks.
Marram	Ammophila arenaria	Sand dunes, Minehead Warren. First reported there 1930.
Hare's-tail	Lagurus ovatus	A couple of places on the coast, increasing in quantity.
Water Bent	Polypogon viridis	First recorded in Somerset at Minehead 1989 in area where tomato boxes were regularly stacked and may have been transported from Channel Isles on boxes. Since then it has spread all around the town at pavement edges, etc.
Meadow Foxtail	Alopecurus pratensis	Common except on high moorland areas.
a foxtail	Alopecurus geniculatus x pratensis (A. x brachystylus)	Only one record from near Moles Chamber.
Marsh Foxtail	Alopecurus geniculatus	Damp fields, marshes, pond edges, etc.
a foxtail	Alopecurus bulbosus x geniculatus (A. x plettkei)	Minehead and Porlock Marshes.
Bulbous Foxtail	Alopecurus bulbosus	Coastal marsh.
Orange Foxtail	Alopecurus aequalis	Muddy banks of reservoirs.
Black-grass	Alopecurus myosuroides	Verges, cultivated ground. Formerly very scarce but seems to be increasing.
Timothy	Phleum pratense sens.str.	Common except in northern Chains area. Verges, grassland.
Smaller Cat's-tail	Phleum bertolonii	Old grassland, verges. Not on the moors.
Sand Cat's-tail	Phleum arenarium	Sandy places near the coast.
Meadow Brome	Bromus commutatus	Arable fields.
Smooth Brome	Bromus racemosus	Grassy places.
Soft-brome	Bromus hordeaceus ssp. hordeaceus	Grassy places, verges. Not on remote moorland.
Slender Soft-brome	Bromus lepidus	Grassy area, Minehead.
Rye Brome	Bromus secalinus	Arable fields. An increasing species.
Drooping Brome	Bromus tectorum	Very rare casual.
Hairy Brome	Bromopsis ramosa	Woods and shady hedgebanks.
Great Brome	Anisantha diandra	Verges and sandy areas.
Ripgut Brome	Anisantha rigida	Sandy areas near Minehead and Dunster beach
Barren Brome	Anisantha sterilis	Waste areas, hedgebanks, verges, etc. not on central moorland.
Rescue Brome	Ceratochloa cathartica	Waste ground, verges.
Patagonian Brome	Ceratochloa brevis	Widespread in detritus, etc.
False-brome	Brachypodium sylvaticum	Verges, woodlands, hedgebanks. Not on higher moorland.
Bearded Couch	Elymus caninus	Woods, shady hedgerows.
Common Couch	Elytrigia repens	Hedgerows, cultivated land, waste ground. It is subsp. repens.
Common x Sea Couch	Elytrigia atherica x repens (E. x oliveri)	Rare hybrid.
Sea Couch	Elytrigia atherica	Saltmarshes and coastal mud.
a couch	Elytrigia atherica x juncea (E. x obtusiuscula)	Rare hybrid.
Sand Couch	Elytrigia juncea	Coastal sand.
Lyme-grass	Leymus arenarius	Sandy coastal area at Minehead.
Two-rowed Barley	Hordeum distichon sens.lat.	Verges, field borders. Escapes or relics of cultivation. The commonest cultivated barley.
Wall Barley	Hordeum murinum ssp. murinum	Waysides, walls, verges, cultivated land. Not on moors.
Meadow Barley	Hordeum secalinum	Verges, low lying grassland. Not on the moors.
Bread Wheat	Triticum aestivum	Escapes from cultivation or bird-seed. Verges, etc.
Heath-grass	Danthonia decumbens	On acid moorland.
Pampas Grass	Cortaderia selloana	Garden throw-outs.
Purple Moor-grass	Molinia caerulea ssp. caerulea	ommon on the grass moors where it is often dominant. Locally known as "Flying bent in winter when dead leaves fill the air in a wind. Traditional management is by swaling.
Common Reed	Phragmites australis	Marshes, pools etc. The former reed bed on Porlock marsh which was an important bird habitat and was cut for thatching has been lost by sea inundation 1999. This leaves the main reed bed in the area behind Dunster Beach.
Bermuda-grass	Cynodon dactylon	Found nr Minehead Golf Club car park 1974. Later tarmaced over but refound at edge of tarmac 1989 when it became plentiful.
Townsend's Cord-grass	Spartina alterniflora x maritima (S. x townsendii)	Saltmarsh mud at Porlock Weir where it has increased.
Witch-grass	Panicum capillare	Weed at Luckbarrow 1991 J.Robbins.
Common Millet	Panicum miliaceum	Bird-seed alien. Waste ground, verges, cultivated land.
Cockspur	Echinochloa crusgalli	Bird-seed alien, usually at pavement edges or waste ground. Rather more frequent than formerly.
Yellow Bristle-grass	Setaria pumila	Bird-seed alien. Gardens, tips, waste land, etc.
Rough Bristle-grass	Setaria verticillata	Bird-seed alien. Waste and cultivated land.
Green Bristle-grass	Setaria viridis	Bird-seed alien. Waste ground, pavement edges and cultivated land.
Foxtail Bristle-grass	Setaria italica	Casual, Treborough rubbish dump.
Hairy Finger-grass	Digitaria sanguinalis	Bird-seed alien, Minehead garden, 2001.
Maize	Zea mays	Grown as a crop in Porlock to Dunster area and escapes always possible. Has not actually been recorded yet.

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